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1 Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis
2 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
3 University of Pennsylvania
4 UCLA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gkassab{at}iupui.edu.
A quantitative analysis of myocardial mechanics is fundamental to understanding cardiac function, diagnosis of heart disease and assessment of therapeutic intervention. Displacement-encoding with stimulated-echo (DENSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique was developed to track the three-dimensional (3-D) displacement vector of discreet material grid points in the myocardial tissue. Despite the wealth of information gained from DENSE images, the current software only provides 2-D in-plane deformation. The objective of this study is to introduce a post-processing method to reconstruct and visualize continuous dynamic 3-D displacement and strain fields in the ventricular wall from DENSE data. An anatomically accurate hexagonal finite element model of the left ventricle (LV) is reconstructed by fitting a prolate spheroidal primitive to contour points of the epi- and endo-cardial surfaces. The continuous displacement field in the model is described mathematically based on the discrete DENSE vectors using a minimization method with smoothness regularization. Based on the displacement, heart motion and myocardial stretch (or strain) are analyzed. Illustratory computations were conducted with DENSE data of three infarcted and one normal sheep ventricles. The full 3-D results show stronger overall axial shortening, wall thickening and twisting of the normal LV as compared to the infarcted hearts. Local myocardial stretches show a dyskinetic LV in the apical region, dilation of apex in systole and a compensatory increase in strain in the healthy basal region as a compensatory mechanism. We conclude that the proposed post-processing method significantly extends the utility of DENSE MRI, which may provide a patient-specific 3-D model of cardiac mechanics.
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