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Departments of 1 Bioengineering and 2 Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
All previous studies of residual strain in the
ventricular wall have been based on one- or two-dimensional
measurements. Transmural distributions of three-dimensional (3-D)
residual strains were measured by biplane radiography of columns of
lead beads implanted in the midanterior free wall of the canine left
ventricle (LV). 3-D bead coordinates were reconstructed with the
isolated arrested LV in the zero-pressure state and again after local
residual stress had been relieved by excising a transmural block of
tissue. Nonhomogeneous 3-D residual strains were computed by finite
element analysis. Mean ± SD (n = 8) circumferential residual strain indicated that the intact unloaded
myocardium was prestretched at the epicardium (0.07 ± 0.06) and
compressed in the subendocardium (
0.04 ± 0.05). Small but
significant longitudinal shortening and torsional shear residual
strains were also measured. Residual fiber strain was tensile at the
epicardium (0.05 ± 0.06) and compressive in the subendocardium
(0.01 ± 0.04), with residual extension and shortening, respectively, along structural axes parallel and perpendicular to the
laminar myocardial sheets. Relatively small residual shear strains with
respect to the myofiber sheets suggest that prestretching in the plane
of the myocardial laminae may be a primary mechanism of residual stress
in the LV.
zero-stress state; fiber architecture; cleavage planes; cardiac mechanics; finite element analysis
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