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Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0542
We compared
hemodynamics, ventricular function, and force-frequency relationships
in six open-chest and six closed-chest anesthetized mice (FVB/N
strain). Left ventricular (LV) pressure was measured with a 1.8- or
1.4-Fr Millar catheter placed via the right carotid artery and the LV
apex in the closed- and open-chest state, respectively. Pacing was
performed with electrodes placed either directly on atrial appendages
(open chest) or with a 1-Fr bipolar catheter via the jugular vein
(closed chest). Closed-chest animals had greater spontaneous heart rate
(267 ± 106 vs. 147 ± 27 beats/min), LV systolic (81 ± 14 vs. 48 ± 9 mmHg) and diastolic pressures (11.2 ± 4.8 vs. 5.6 ± 2.4 mmHg), and maximal rise
(+dP/dtmax: 6,208 ± 2,519 vs. 3,682 ± 671 mmHg/s) and fall in pressure
development (
dP/dtmax:
6,094 ± 2,386 vs. 3,001 ± 399 mmHg/s). LV
systolic pressure (98 ± 18 vs. 52 ± 11 mmHg),
+dP/dtmax (9,240 ± 2,459 vs. 5,777 ± 2,473 mmHg/s), and
dP/dtmax
(8,375 ± 2,551 vs. 3,753 ± 1,170 mmHg/s) were
significantly higher when animals were matched at a heart rate of 420 beats/min in closed-chest vs. open-chest animals. Biphasic
force-frequency relationships were seen in all animals, but the
critical heart rate was greater in the closed- than open-chest animals
(432 ± 42 vs. 318 ± 42 beats/min). We conclude that
1) there are significant differences
between invasive indexes of systolic and diastolic function between the
closed- and open-chest preparations,
2) there is a biphasic
force-frequency relationship in the anesthetized mouse, and
3)
dP/dtmax can be used to assess the cardiovascular phenotype.
ventricular function; Starling relationship; transgenic mice
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