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1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-0909; 2 Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; and 3 Cardiovascular Studies Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6392
Recently, there has been renewed interest in estimating total arterial compliance. Because it cannot be measured directly, a lumped model is usually applied to derive compliance from aortic pressure and flow. The archetypical model, the classical two-element windkessel, assumes 1) system linearity and 2) infinite pulse wave velocity. To generalize this model, investigators have added more elements and have incorporated nonlinearities. A different approach is taken here. It is assumed that the arterial system 1) is linear and 2) has finite pulse wave velocity. In doing so, the windkessel is generalized by describing compliance as a complex function of frequency that relates input pressure to volume stored. By applying transmission theory, this relationship is shown to be a function of heart rate, peripheral resistance, and pulse wave reflection. Because this pressure-volume relationship is generally not equal to total arterial compliance, it is termed "apparent compliance." This new concept forms the natural counterpart to the established concept of apparent pulse wave velocity.
windkessel; hemodynamics; input impedance; pulse wave reflection
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