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1 Department of Pediatrics, Academic Hospital Maastricht, and 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteit Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
In the
embryo, hypoxemia causes redistribution of cardiac output from the
periphery toward the heart and the brain. In view of this, we
investigated developmental changes in the contractile and relaxing
properties of the peripheral femoral artery (Fem) and the more central
carotid artery (Car) at 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 of the chicken embryo
incubation time. Isolated arteries were studied in myographs and were
exposed to norepinephrine or phenylephrine. High K+ (125 mM) and electrical field stimulation (0.25-16 Hz) were used to
induce receptor-independent and neurogenic contractions. Relaxing responses to ACh were evaluated in the absence and presence of the
nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor
NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester
(L-NAME) and before and after endothelium removal.
1-Adrenergic contractile responses increased in a
time-dependent manner and were significantly larger in Fem than in Car.
Neurogenic contractions and adrenergic nerves could only be
demonstrated in Fem at 0.9 incubation. ACh caused relaxation in both
Fem and Car at 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 incubation. The NO-independent part of the relaxation was more pronounced in Car than in Fem at all
developmental stages. We conclude that the chicken embryo is a useful
model to investigate the development of vasomotor control and vascular heterogeneity. The observed regional vascular differences may contribute to cardiac output redistribution during hypoxia in the
embryo and might result from endothelial and neurogenic influences on
vascular smooth muscle differentiation.
catecholamines; vascular smooth muscle; sympathetic nerves; endothelium; regional heterogeneity; chemoreflex
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