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Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, General Clinic Research Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
Muscle sympathetic nerve
activity (MSNA) is altered by vestibular otolith stimulation. This
study examined interactive effects of the vestibular system and
baroreflexes on MSNA in humans. In study 1, MSNA was
measured during 4 min of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at either
10 or 30 mmHg with subjects in prone posture. During the 3rd min of
LBNP, subjects lowered their head over the end of a table (head-down
rotation, HDR) to engage the otolith organs. The head was returned to
baseline upright position during the 4th min. LBNP increased MSNA above
baseline during both trials with greater increases during the 30-mmHg
trial. HDR increased MSNA further during the 3rd min of LBNP at 10
and 30 mmHg (
32% and 34%, respectively; P < 0.01). MSNA returned to pre-HDR levels during the 4th min of LBNP when
the head was returned upright. In study 2, MSNA was measured
during HDR, LBNP, and simultaneously performed HDR and LBNP. The sum of
MSNA responses during individual HDR and LBNP trials was not
significantly different from that observed during HDR and LBNP
performed together (131 ± 28 vs. 118 ± 47 units and
340 ± 77 vs. 380 ± 90 units for the 10 and 30
trials, respectively). These results demonstrate that vestibular
otolith stimulation can increase MSNA during unloading of the
cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreflexes. Also, the interaction between the vestibulosympathetic reflex and baroreflexes is
additive in humans. These studies indicate that the
vestibulosympathetic reflex may help defend against orthostatic
challenges in humans by increasing sympathetic outflow.
autonomic nervous system; baroreceptors; reflex; vestibulosympathetic reflex; otolith organs
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