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1 Dipartimento di Scienze Precliniche, Laboratorio Interdisciplinare Tecnologie Avanzate di Vialba, 3 Centro Ricerche Cardiovascolari, Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca, Medicina Interna II, and 4 Medicina Interna I, Ospedale L. Sacco, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan; and 2 Dipartimento di Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
A double exogenous
autoregressive (XXAR) causal parametric model was used to estimate the
baroreflex gain (
XXAR) from spontaneous R-R interval and
systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variabilities in conscious dogs. This
model takes into account 1) effects of current and past SAP
variations on the R-R interval (i.e., baroreflex-mediated influences), 2) specific perturbations affecting R-R
interval independently of baroreflex circuit (e.g., rhythmic neural
inputs modulating R-R interval independently of SAP at frequencies
slower than respiration), and 3) influences of
respiration-related sources acting independently of baroreflex pathway
(e.g., rhythmic neural inputs modulating R-R interval independently of
SAP at respiratory rate, including the effect of stimulation of
low-pressure receptors). Under control conditions,
XXAR = 14.7 ± 7.2 ms/mmHg. It decreases after
nitroglycerine infusion and coronary artery occlusion, even though the
decrease is significant only after nitroglycerine, and it is completely
abolished by total arterial baroreceptor denervation. Moreover,
XXAR is comparable to or significantly smaller than
(depending on the experimental condition) the baroreflex gains derived
from sequence, power spectrum [at low frequency (LF) and high
frequency (HF)], and cross-spectrum (at LF and HF) analyses and from
less complex causal parametric models, thus demonstrating that
simpler estimates may be biased by the contemporaneous presence of
regulatory mechanisms other than baroreflex mechanisms.
cardiovascular variability; linear parametric modeling; identification techniques
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