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Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
Anesthetic regimens commonly
administered during studies that assess cardiac structure and function
in mice are xylazine-ketamine (XK) and avertin (AV). While it is known
that XK anesthesia produces more bradycardia in the mouse, the effects
of XK and AV on cardiac function have not been compared. We
anesthetized normal adult male Swiss Webster mice with XK or AV.
Transthoracic echocardiography and closed-chest cardiac catheterization
were performed to assess heart rate (HR), left ventricular (LV)
dimensions at end diastole and end systole (LVDd and LVDs,
respectively), fractional shortening (FS), LV end-diastolic pressure
(LVEDP), the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (
), and the
first derivatives of LV pressure rise and fall
(dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin,
respectively). During echocardiography, HR was lower in XK than AV mice
(250 ± 14 beats/min in XK vs. 453 ± 24 beats/min in AV,
P < 0.05). Preload was increased in XK mice (LVDd:
4.1 ± 0.08 mm in XK vs. 3.8 ± 0.09 mm in AV,
P < 0.05). FS, a load-dependent index of systolic
function, was increased in XK mice (45 ± 1.2% in XK vs. 40 ± 0.8% in AV, P < 0.05). At LV catheterization, the
difference in HR with AV (453 ± 24 beats/min) and XK (342 ± 30 beats/min, P < 0.05) anesthesia was more variable,
and no significant differences in systolic or diastolic function were
seen in the group as a whole. However, in XK mice with HR <300
beats/min, LVEDP was increased (28 ± 5 vs. 6.2 ± 2 mmHg in
mice with HR >300 beats/min, P < 0.05), whereas systolic (LV dP/dtmax: 4,402 ± 798 vs.
8,250 ± 415 mmHg/s in mice with HR >300 beats/min,
P < 0.05) and diastolic (: 23 ± 2 vs. 14 ± 1 ms in mice with HR >300 beats/min, P < 0.05)
function were impaired. Compared with AV, XK produces profound
bradycardia with effects on loading conditions and ventricular
function. The disparate findings at echocardiography and LV
catheterization underscore the importance of comprehensive assessment
of LV function in the mouse.
echocardiography; left ventricular function; murine physiology
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