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Departments of 1Medicine and 3Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843; and 4Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Biophysics, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Research Institute, Palo Alto 94301; and 5Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
Submitted 26 June 2003 ; accepted in final form 2 October 2003
Early relaxation in the cardiac cycle is characterized by rapid torsional recoil of the left ventricular (LV) wall. To elucidate the contribution of the transmural arrangement of the myofiber to relaxation, we determined the time course of three-dimensional fiber-sheet strains in the anterior wall of five adult mongrel dogs in vivo during early relaxation with biplane cineangiography (125 Hz) of implanted transmural markers. Fiber-sheet strains were found from transmural fiber and sheet orientations directly measured in the heart tissue. The strain time course was determined during early relaxation in the epicardial, midwall, and endocardial layers referenced to the end-diastolic configuration. During early relaxation, significant circumferential stretch, wall thinning, and in-plane and transverse shear were observed (P < 0.05). We also observed significant stretch along myofibers in the epicardial layers and sheet shortening and shear in the endocardial layers (P < 0.01). Importantly, predominant epicardial stretch along the fiber direction and endocardial sheet shortening occurred during isovolumic relaxation (P < 0.05). We conclude that the LV mechanics during early relaxation involves substantial deformation of fiber and sheet structures with significant transmural heterogeneity. Predominant epicardial stretch along myofibers during isovolumic relaxation appears to drive global torsional recoil to aid early diastolic filling.
restoring force; transmural deformation; fiber; sheet
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