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1Freiburg Institute for Mindfulness Research, 79100 Freiburg, Germany; and 2Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, California 94304-1207
Submitted 27 August 2003 ; accepted in final form 15 January 2004
Ambulatory respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) or high-frequency heart rate (HR) variability is frequently employed as an index of cardiac parasympathetic control and related to risk or severity of cardiovascular disease. However, laboratory studies indicate variations in physical activity and respiratory parameters of rate and tidal volume may confound estimation of vagal activity. Because little is known about these relations outside the laboratory, we examined ambulatory relations among RSA, respiration, physical activity, and HR during waking hours by employing a multichannel monitoring system. Forty healthy young-to-middle aged adults underwent daytime monitoring that included continuous registration of the ECG, respiration (inductance plethysmography), and accelerometry motion activity. Within-individual regression analyses were performed to examine minute-to-minute relations between RSA and respiration, HR, and indexes of physical activity (minute ventilation and motion). HR changes were assumed to be strongly related to within-individual variations of vagal tone. RSA adjusted for respiratory parameters and unadjusted RSA were compared for strength of prediction of other measures. Unadjusted RSA was related to respiratory parameters (R = 0.80) and moderately predicted minute-to-minute HR and activity variances (means = 56%, HR; 48%, minute ventilation; and 37%, motion). Adjusted RSA predicted significantly more HR and activity variance (means = 75%, 76%, and 57%, respectively) with narrower confidence intervals. We conclude that ambulatory RSA magnitude is associated with respiratory variations and physical activity. Adjustment for respiratory parameters substantially improves relations between RSA and significantly vagally mediated HR and physical activity. Concurrent monitoring of respiration and physical activity may enhance HR variability accuracy to predict autonomic control.
high-frequency heart rate variability; respiration; autonomic control; ambulatory monitoring; metabolic activity
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