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1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, and 2Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
Submitted 3 February 2004 ; accepted in final form 28 March 2004
Within minutes of acute myocardial infarction (MI), proinflammatory cytokines increase in the brain, heart, and plasma. We hypothesized that cardiac afferent nerves stimulated by myocardial injury signal the brain to increase central cytokines. Urethane-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) or sham LAD ligation after bilateral cervical vagotomy, sham vagotomy, or application of a 10% phenol solution to the epicardial surface of the myocardium at risk. MI caused a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-
and interleukin (IL)-1
in the plasma and heart, which was blunted by vagotomy. MI also caused a significant increase in hypothalamic TNF- and IL-1, which was not affected by vagotomy. In contrast, epicardial phenol blocked MI-induced increases in hypothalamic TNF- and IL-1 without affecting increases in the plasma and heart. These findings demonstrate that the appearance of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain after MI is independent of blood-borne cytokines and suggest that cardiac sympathetic afferent nerves activated by myocardial ischemia signal the brain to increase cytokine production. In addition, an intact vagus nerve is required for the full expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the injured myocardium and in the circulation. We conclude that the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the heart both contribute to the acute proinflammatory response to MI.
cardiac sympathetic afferents; cardiac vagal afferents; tumor necrosis factor-; interleukin-1; hypothalamus
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