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Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287: H1618-H1624, 2004. First published May 20, 2004; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01192.2003
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Effects of anesthetics on systemic hemodynamics in mice

Ben J. A. Janssen,1 Tijl De Celle,1 Jacques J. M. Debets,1 Agnieszka E. Brouns,1 Michael F. Callahan,2 and Thomas L. Smith2

1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands; and 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157

Submitted 16 December 2003 ; accepted in final form 11 May 2004

The aim of this study was to compare the systemic hemodynamic effects of four commonly used anesthetic regimens in mice that were chronically instrumented for direct and continuous measurements of cardiac output (CO). Mice (CD-1, Swiss, and C57BL6 strains) were instrumented with a transit-time flow probe placed around the ascending aorta for CO measurement. An arterial catheter was inserted into the aorta 4 or 5 days later for blood pressure measurements. After full recovery, hemodynamic parameters including stroke volume, heart rate, CO, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and total peripheral resistance were measured with animals in the conscious state. General anesthesia was then induced in these mice using isoflurane (Iso), urethane, pentobarbital sodium, or ketamine-xylazine (K-X). The doses and routes of administration of these agents were given as required for general surgical procedures in these animals. Compared with the values obtained for animals in the conscious resting state, MAP and CO decreased during all anesthetic interventions, and hemodynamic effects were smallest for Iso (MAP, –24 ± 3%; CO, –5 ± 7%; n = 15 mice) and greatest for K-X (MAP, –51 ± 6%; CO, –37 ± 9%; n = 8 mice), respectively. The hemodynamic effects of K-X were fully antagonized by administration of the {alpha}2-receptor antagonist atipamezole (n = 8 mice). These results indicate that the anesthetic Iso has fewer systemic hemodynamic effects in mice than the nonvolatile anesthetics.

anesthesia; analgesia; buprenorphine; isoflurane; urethane; ketamine; xylazine; pentobarbital


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: B. J. A. Janssen, Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteit Maastricht, PO Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands (E-mail: B.Janssen{at}farmaco.unimaas.nl)




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