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Expression of cathepsin K is regulated by shear stress in cultured endothelial cells and is increased in endothelium in human atherosclerosis

¹Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and ³Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and ⁴Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; ⁵Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia; and ²Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Submitted 1 September 2006 ; accepted in final form 7 November 2006

Cathepsins, the lysosomal cysteine proteases, are involved in vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis. Genetic knockout of cathepsins S and K in mice has shown to reduce atherosclerosis, although the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Because atherosclerosis preferentially occurs in arteries exposed to disturbed flow conditions, we hypothesized that shear stress would regulate cathepsin K expression and activity in endothelial cells. Mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAEC) exposed to proatherogenic oscillatory shear (OS, ± 5 dyn/cm² for 1 day) showed significantly higher cathepsin K expression and activity than that of atheroprotective, unidirectional laminar shear stress (LS, 15 dyn/cm² for 1 day). Western blot and active-site labeling studies showed an active, mature form of cathepsin K in the conditioned medium of MAEC exposed to OS but not in that of LS. Functionally, MAEC exposed to OS significantly increased elastase and gelatinase activity above that of LS. The OS-dependent elastase and gelatinase activities were significantly reduced by knocking down cathepsin K with small-interfering (si) RNA, but not by a nonsilencing siRNA control, suggesting that cathepsin K is a shear-sensitive protease. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries showed a positive correlation between the cathepsin K expression levels in endothelium and elastic lamina integrity. These findings suggest that cathepsin K is a mechanosensitive, extracellular matrix protease that, in turn, may be involved in arterial wall remodeling and atherosclerosis.

cathepsin K; extracellular matrix protease; shear stress; endothelial cells; vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis

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