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Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292: H2498-H2505, 2007. First published January 26, 2007; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01092.2006
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{delta} polymorphisms are associated with physical performance and plasma lipids: the HERITAGE Family Study

Arto J. Hautala,1,2 Arthur S. Leon,3 James S. Skinner,4 D. C. Rao,5 Claude Bouchard,1 and Tuomo Rankinen1

1Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Human Genomics Laboratory, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; 2Merikoski Rehabilitation and Research Center, Oulu, Finland; 3School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; 4Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; and 5Division of Biostatistics and Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri

Submitted 5 October 2006 ; accepted in final form 23 January 2007

We tested the hypothesis that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{delta} (PPAR{delta}) gene polymorphisms are associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and plasma lipid responses to endurance training. Associations between the PPAR{delta} exon 4 +15 C/T and exon 7 +65 A/G polymorphisms and maximal exercise capacity and plasma lipid responses to 20 wk of endurance training were investigated in healthy white (n = 477) and black (n = 264) subjects. In black subjects, the exon 4 +15 C/C homozygotes showed a smaller training-induced increase in maximal oxygen consumption (P = 0.028) than the C/T and T/T genotypes. Similarly, a lower training response in maximal power output was observed in the exon 4 +15 C/C homozygotes (P = 0.005) compared with the heterozygotes and the T/T homozygotes in black subjects, and a similar trend was evident in white subjects (P = 0.087). In white subjects, baseline apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1)levels were higher in the exon 4 +15 C/C (P = 0.011) and exon 7 +65 G/G (P = 0.05) genotypes compared with those in the other genotypes. In white subjects, exon 4 +15 C/C (P = 0.0025) and exon 7 +65 G/G (P = 0.011) genotypes showed significantly greater increases in plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels with endurance training than in the other genotypes, whereas in black subjects the exon 4 +15 CC homozygotes tended to increase (P = 0.057) their Apo A-1 levels more than the T allele carriers. DNA sequence variation in the PPAR{delta} locus is a potential modifier of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and plasma HDL-C in healthy individuals in response to regular exercise.

cardiorespiratory fitness; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; exercise training


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: T. Rankinen, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124 (e-mail: rankint{at}pbrc.edu)






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