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Departments of 1Physiology and 2Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; 3Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, Kobe; 4Laboratory for Human Performance Research, Osaka International University, Osaka, Japan; and 5Dipartimento Medicina Interna, Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, and 6Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
Submitted 10 January 2007 ; accepted in final form 31 January 2007
Hypoperfusion of active skeletal muscle elicits a reflex pressor response termed the muscle metaboreflex. Dynamic exercise attenuates spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (SBRS) in the control of heart rate (HR) during rapid, spontaneous changes in blood pressure (BP). Our objective was to determine whether muscle metaboreflex activation (MRA) further diminishes SBRS. Conscious dogs were chronically instrumented for measurement of HR, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) at rest and during mild (3.2 km/h) or moderate (6.4 km/h at 10% grade) dynamic exercise before and after MRA (via partial reduction of hindlimb blood flow). SBRS was evaluated as the slopes of the linear relations (LRs) between HR and LVSP during spontaneous sequences of at least three consecutive beats when HR changed inversely vs. pressure (expressed as beats·min–1·mmHg–1). During mild exercise, these LRs shifted upward, with a significant decrease in SBRS (–3.0 ± 0.4 vs. –5.2 ± 0.4, P < 0.05 vs. rest). MRA shifted LRs upward and rightward and decreased SBRS (–2.1 ± 0.1, P < 0.05 vs. mild exercise). Moderate exercise shifted LRs upward and rightward and significantly decreased SBRS (–1.2 ± 0.1, P < 0.05 vs. rest). MRA elicited further upward and rightward shifts of the LRs and reductions in SBRS (–0.9 ± 0.1, P < 0.05 vs. moderate exercise). We conclude that dynamic exercise resets the arterial baroreflex to higher BP and HR as exercise intensity increases. In addition, increases in exercise intensity, as well as MRA, attenuate SBRS.
exercise reflexes; pressor response; heart rate variability; arterial baroreflex sensitivity
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