HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 296/3/H735    most recent 01309.2008v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (1) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Borge, B. A. S. Articles by Wiig, H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Borge, B. A. S. Articles by Wiig, H.

Cytokines are produced locally by myocytes in rat skeletal muscle during endotoxemia

¹Department of Biomedicine and ²The Gade Institute, University of Bergen; and ³Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

Submitted 18 December 2008 ; accepted in final form 11 January 2009

Cytokines act as chemical mediators during the inflammatory process. Measurements of cytokine levels in tissue have previously been performed in homogenized tissue, but the true concentrations in native interstitial fluid (ISF), i.e., the compartment where cytokines exert their biologically active role, have remained unknown. The role of skeletal muscle myocytes as a source for cytokines during endotoxemia was explored by collecting muscle ISF using a wick method, and the levels of 14 cytokines in ISF and plasma were related to the corresponding changes in mRNA levels to reveal any potential discrepancies between gene expression and protein release of cytokines to ISF. The majority of investigated cytokines were elevated in muscle ISF during endotoxemia, and an analysis of cytokine mRNA levels revealed consistency between gene expression and protein release. The elevated cytokine level in ISF, in addition to elevated gene expression in muscle, indicated a significant local production and release of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines within skeletal muscle tissue during endotoxemia. Immunohistochemistry revealed that myocytes constituted a significant source of IL-1β and TNF- production during endotoxemia, whereas the contribution from inflammatory cells i.e., leukocytes, was found to be less significant. Muscle cells apparently constitute an important source of several different cytokines during endotoxemia, governing the level in the muscle microenvironment, and are likely to contribute significantly to cytokine levels in plasma.

interstitial fluid; interstitium; extracellular matrix

This article has been cited by other articles:

				W. Li, J. S. Moylan, M. A. Chambers, J. Smith, and M. B. Reid Interleukin-1 stimulates catabolism in C2C12 myotubes Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, January 1, 2009; 297(3): C706 - C714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]