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Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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For the murine heart the relationships between ischemia-reperfusion-induced loss of cardiac function, enzyme release, high-energy phosphate (HEP), and membrane phospholipid metabolism are ill-defined. Accordingly, isolated ejecting murine hearts were subjected to varying periods of ischemia, whether or not followed by reperfusion. On reperfusion, hemodynamic function was almost completely restored after 10 min of ischemia [83 ± 14% recovery of cardiac output (CO)], but was severely depressed after 15 and 20 min of ischemia (40 ± 24 and 31 ± 24% recovery of CO, respectively). Reperfusion was associated with partial recovery of HEP stores and enhanced degradation of phospholipids as indicated by the accumulation of fatty acids (FA). Myocardial FA content and enzyme release during reperfusion were correlated (r = 0.70), suggesting that membrane phospholipid degradation and cellular damage are closely related phenomena. To investigate the role of type IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) in this process, hearts from wild-type and sPLA2-deficient mice were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. Postischemic functional recovery, ATP depletion, enzyme release, and FA accumulation were not significantly different between wild-type and sPLA2- deficient hearts. These findings argue against a prominent role of type IIA sPLA2 in the development of irreversible cell damage in the ischemic-reperfused murine myocardium.
cardiac function; ischemic; reperfusion; fatty acids; phospholipids; adenine nucleotides;
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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THE MOUSE IS BEING INCREASINGLY used for the study of molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion due to the widespread availability of transgenic and gene-targeted models. The isolated heart preparation is particularly suitable to assess the impact of ischemia-reperfusion on functional and biochemical performance independent of potentially compensatory extracardiac factors. Ischemic tolerance of the isolated murine heart was found to vary considerably among various studies (3, 12, 17, 20, 21, 26, 36). Duration of flow-deprivation required to induce marked functional impairment in the isolated mouse heart ranged from 6 min (3) to 50 min (17). Furthermore, in the studies (17, 20, 21, 26, 36) on isolated murine hearts reported so far, attempts to correlate postischemic functional recovery with parameters other than cell necrosis as estimated by enzyme release into the coronary effluent are virtually lacking. Accordingly, the present study was designed to obtain insight into the effect of ischemia-reperfusion on hemodynamic recovery, irreversible cell damage, and high-energy phosphate depletion using a left ventricular ejecting isolated mouse heart preparation (9). Because previous studies indicated that loss of cellular integrity relates to, among others, impaired membrane phospholipid (PL) homeostasis (5, 8, 29, 32), special attention was paid to the relationship between these parameters and the accumulation of PL-derived fatty acid (FA) moieties.
It is generally acknowledged that ischemia-reperfusion-induced degradation of membrane PL is associated with enhanced phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity (5, 8, 11, 13, 27, 29). At least four types of PLA2, differing in substrate preference and calcium dependency have been identified in myocardial tissue (4, 6, 10, 11, 31). The type of PLA2 playing a dominant role in mediating membrane PL degradation in the ischemic-reperfused heart remains a matter of continuous speculation (31-33). The low-molecular-weight, calcium-dependent type IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) has been detected in a wide variety of cell types, including cardiac myocytes (10) and has been implicated in ischemia-reperfusion injury in both brain and intestine (16, 25). The pathophysiological role of type IIA sPLA2 in ischemia-reperfusion-induced cellular damage in cardiac tissue, if any, has not been well defined. In this light, the recent finding of inbred mouse strains that display a frameshift mutation in the pla2ga gene, resulting in the absence of a functional type IIA sPLA2 enzyme (14, 19), provides a valuable tool to investigate the specific role of this enzyme in the ischemia-reperfused heart.
To explore the relationship among hemodynamic function, cell necrosis, energy status, and membrane damage in the murine heart in more detail, the severity of the ischemic insult was modulated by varying the duration of flow deprivation before reinstallation of flow. For these studies we used isolated hearts from Swiss mice, the functional characteristics of which were explored under normoxic conditions in a previous study (9). The isolated hearts from the wild-type C57BL/Ks substrain and the type IIA sPLA2-deficient C57BL/6 substrain were then subjected to ischemia-reperfusion to assess the potential contribution of this enzyme in ischemia-reperfusion-induced cardiac injury and loss of function.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Chemicals. Except for D-(+)-glucose and pyruvate (Sigma; St. Louis, MO), all chemicals used for the Krebs-Henseleit solution were of the highest grade available and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Insulin was purchased from Novo Nordisk (Bagsvaerd, Denmark).
Animals and surgery. Adult female Swiss mice (Iffa Credo; Lyon, France) 3-4 mo of age were used for studies in which the duration of ischemia was varied. To assess the role of type IIA sPLA2 in ischemia-reperfusion-induced cardiac injury adult male mice of the two closely related inbred C57/Bl substrains, namely C57BL/Ks (wild-type pla2ga gene; M&B, Ry, Denmark), and C57BL/6 (mutated pla2ga gene; B&K, Hull, UK), were used (15, 18, 24). The animals were allowed to adjust to the new housing conditions for 2 wk before experimental use. All mice were kept under standard housing conditions with an artificial 12-h light cycle with free access to standard rodent food (Diet SRM-A, Hope Farms; Woerden, The Netherlands) and tap water. The experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Maastricht University.
PCR genotyping.
To confirm thymidine insertional mutation in exon 3 of the
pla2ga gene in the inbred C57BL/6 strain and its absence in
the inbred C57BL/Ks strain, exon 3 was amplified from a number of individual mice by PCR as described previously (14, 15,
19). Because the thymidine insertion disrupts a BamHI
site in exon 3 of the Pla2ga gene, PCR products were
digested with BamHI before gel electrophoresis. Briefly,
genomic DNA was isolated from tails using a Qiamp genomic DNA prep kit
(Qiagen; Leusden, The Netherlands). PCR analysis of type IIA
sPLA2 exon 3 was performed using the following primers:
5'-primer (5'-CTGGCT TTCCTTCCTGTCAGCCTGGCC-3'), 3'-primer
(5'-GGAAACCACTGGGACACTGAGGTAGTG-3'). Full-length genomic PCR products
from both strains were of the expected length of 500 bp. The C57BL/6
exon 3 PCR fragments could not be digested by BamHI,
indicating disruption of the wild-type BamHI site, whereas digestion of the C57BL/Ks PCR products resulted in two cleavage signals
of 300 and 200 bp, respectively (data not shown). Later in this paper
C57BL/Ks and C57BL/6 mice are referred to as sPLA2(+/+) and
sPLA2(
/) mice, respectively.
Isolated ejecting mouse heart preparation. The isolated ejecting mouse heart preparation used in the present study has been described in detail before (9). Briefly, animals were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg ip pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal, Sanofi Sante; Maassluis, The Netherlands). After thoracotomy, the hearts were quickly excised and transferred to ice-chilled perfusion buffer (for composition see below). The ascending aorta was cannulated with a cannula matching the hemodynamic impedance characteristics of the murine ascending aorta (9). Retrograde perfusion at a perfusion pressure of 50 mmHg was started immediately after which the hearts resumed spontaneous beating. The left atrium was cannulated with a cannula through one of the lung veins. The recirculating modified Krebs-Henseleit perfusion buffer, prefiltered by a microfilter (0.45 µm diameter, Millipore), had the following composition: 118 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 3.0 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 0.5 mM Na-EDTA, 10 mM D-(+)-glucose, 1.5 mM sodium pyruvate, and 5 U/l insulin. The buffer was continuously gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2. Care was taken to maintain the temperature of the perfusate, and thus the heart, at 38.5°C.
Hemodynamic data. All hemodynamic variables were continuously recorded on a personal computer, using specialized software (Hemodynamic Data Acquisition System, Technical Department, Maastricht University), allowing the on-line acquisition, presentation, and calculation of left atrial filling flow, aortic flow (AOF), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), diastolic aortic pressure, and the first maximal and minimal derivatives of left ventricular pressure (LV dP/dtmax and LV dP/dtmin). Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) was defined as the difference between LVSP and LVEDP. Cardiac output (CO) was defined as the sum of AOF and coronary flow (CF). CF was determined from the difference between AOF, as measured by an 1 N in-line aortic flow probe and left atrial filling flow, as measured by a 2 N in-line flow probe placed in the left atrial inflow tract. Calculated CF data were periodically checked by timed collection of the coronary perfusate. CF data were used to calculate coronary resistance, which was defined as aortic pressure divided by CF normalized for individual heart weights.
Experimental protocol. After an initial 10-min retrograde stabilization period (perfusion pressure 50 mmHg), antegrade perfusion was started by opening the left atrial conduit. Left atrial filling pressure was set at 10 mmHg, whereas diastolic aortic pressure was kept at 50 mmHg. Except for the ischemic period and the first 5 min of reperfusion, the hearts were paced artificially throughout the whole experiment at a frequency of 380 beats/min, a rate slightly higher than the intrinsic rate of the isolated hearts of the mouse strains tested.
The hearts were normoxically perfused for 20 min (preischemic period). Just before the ischemic period, the water-jacketed chamber was filled with warm perfusate solution (38.5°C) until the heart was completely submersed, pacing was stopped, and the aortic and atrial lines were clamped to create normothermic, global ischemia. After the ischemic period, the water-jacketed chamber was emptied, and hearts were reperfused retrogradely at a perfusion pressure of 50 mmHg for 10 min. Subsequently, the left atrial conduit was reopened, and the hearts were allowed to work in the antegrade mode at a preload pressure of 10 mmHg and a diastolic aortic pressure of 50 mmHg for an additional 50 min. In the first series of experiments, the hearts of the Swiss mice were subjected to either 10, 15, or 20 min of ischemia, whether or not followed by reperfusion. As potential strain differences have to be appreciated, the critical time duration to sustain an ischemic insult of the sPLA2(+/+) substrain was determined in a series of pilot experiments first. It was found that 17.5 min of ischemia resulted in 30-50% postischemic recovery of CO. Accordingly, it was decided to subject the hearts of the C57/BL substrains to 17.5 min of ischemia. In this way it was possible to establish potential improvement or deterioration of hemodynamic parameters in hearts lacking type IIA sPLA2. After the experimental protocol was completed, the ventricles of the individual hearts were separated from the atria and immediately frozen between aluminum clamps, previously cooled in liquid nitrogen, and stored at80°C for further analysis. Coronary perfusate was collected, and samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and
stored at 80°C for further biochemical analysis. To stabilize lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in coronary effluent samples, bovine serum albumin was included (final concentration 3%).
Biochemical analysis. LDH and lactate content in the coronary perfusate were assessed spectrophotometrically using a Cobas Bio autoanalyzer as described earlier (1, 2). Tissue contents of adenine and guanine nucleotides, inosine monophosphate, and (oxy)purines were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (Varian Vista 5500 HPLC) as previously described (30). The determination of cardiac FA, PL, and triacylglycerols (TG) was performed as described in detail earlier (29, 34).
Statistical analysis. The results are presented as means ± SD. All statistical analyses were performed using InStat 3.0 software (GraphPad Software; San Diego, CA). Changes in the hemodynamic parameters in time were statistically analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA with Dunnett's post hoc correction test for multiple comparisons. Differences between values of hemodynamic and biochemical parameters of experimental groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test. Linear regression was performed with the least squares method and the Pearson rank correlation coefficient (r) was used to estimate the strength of the relation between the two variables. In all tests, significance was accepted at P < 0.05.
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RESULTS |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Preischemic cardiac function.
Hemodynamic function of the normoxically perfused isolated hearts of
the Swiss outbred strain and the two C57BL substrains are presented in
Table 1. Heart weight-to-body weight
ratios and CO, normalized to heart weight, were comparable for each
(sub)strain (Table 1). In hearts from C57BL/Ks mice, CF was
significantly lower than in hearts from Swiss mice. CF and LVDP tended
to be higher in the hearts from C57BL/6 mice compared with C57BL/Ks mice, but the differences were not significant (Table 1). LV dP/dtmax and LV dP/dtmin,
however, were significantly higher in C57BL/6 than in C57BL/Ks hearts.
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Functional recovery.
To test the ischemic tolerance of the hearts of Swiss mice the
duration of the ischemic episode was varied. Following 10 min of global ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion, functional
recovery was almost complete (Fig. 1). CO
recovered to 83 ± 14% of its preischemic value
(P < 0.05 vs. preischemia), and CF returned to
preischemic values (Fig. 2). The
recovery of LVDP, LV dP/dtmax, and LV
dP/dtmin ranged from 80 to 90% of their
preischemic values (Fig. 2).
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Enzyme and lactate release.
Preischemic LDH release was low in all groups and amounted to
166 ± 9 mU · min
1 · g1. Following
10 min of global ischemia, a small additional release of LDH
was observed during the initial 20-min reperfusion. During 60 min of
reperfusion, the cumulative release of LDH into the coronary effluent
amounted to 13.1 ± 3.4 U/g in this group. The cumulative release
of LDH increased as a function of the duration of the preceding
ischemic period and amounted to 23.0 ± 7.7 and 27.5 ± 12.1 U/g after 15 and 20 min of ischemia, respectively. To
estimate the percentage of irreversibly damaged cells, the cumulative
release of LDH was normalized to the total LDH content of the Swiss
mouse heart (273 U/g murine ventricular tissue). Accordingly, the
percentage of necrotic cells was calculated to be 5, 8, and 10% after
10, 15, and 20 min of ischemia, respectively.
1 · g1.
Following 10 and 15 min of ischemia a significantly higher
lactate release rate was observed during the first 5 min of reperfusion (7.2 ± 0.5 and 7.2 ± 2.7 µmol · min1 · g1,
respectively; P < 0.05 vs. preischemia)
reflecting the washout of lactate accumulated during the preceding
ischemic period. Thereafter, lactate release returned to
preischemic values. In contrast, after 20 min of
ischemia no significant washout of lactate was observed in the
initial reperfusion phase. Lactate release in this group amounted to
4.5 ± 1.4 µmol · min1 · g1 and
remained constant during the remainder of the reperfusion phase.
Tissue adenine nucleotides and degradation products.
In the Swiss mice, the preischemic ventricular ATP, ADP, and
AMP contents were 18.9 ± 2.0, 4.3 ± 0.5, and 0.6 ± 0.1 µmol/g dry wt, respectively (Fig.
3). The tissue content of adenine
nucleotide degradation products, i.e., adenosine, inosine,
hypoxanthine, and xanthine, was very low before ischemia (Table
2).
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Tissue FA, TG, and PL.
The preischemic tissue content of FA, PL, and TG in the hearts
of Swiss mice and their relative FA composition are shown in Table
3. The total amount of FA esterified to
the glycerol backbone via an ether bond (plasmalogens) averaged 3.6%
of the total PL pool. Palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), linoleic (18:1),
and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) were the most abundant fatty acyl
moieties in the FA as well as in the PL pool, each species accounting
for 10-20% of total FA present (Table 3). The polyunsaturated FA
arachidonic acid (20:4) accounted for 6.7 ± 0.7 and 4.0 ± 0.4% of total fatty acyl moieties in the PL and FA pool, respectively
(Table 3). Cardiac TG mainly consisted of 16:0, 18:1, and 18:2, each
representing about 30% of all TG fatty acyl moieties. In contrast to
the FA and PL pool, 18:0, 20:4, and 22:6 accounted for only a small
percentage of FA esterified in the TG pool (Table 3).
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Involvement of type IIA
sPLA2.
To test whether endogenous cardiac type IIA sPLA2 might
play a role in ischemia-reperfusion-induced cardiac damage, a
functional and biochemical analysis was performed on
ischemia-reperfused isolated ejecting hearts of
sPLA2(+/+) and sPLA2(/) C57/BL substrains. Following 17.5 min of global, normothermic ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion, CO recovered to 39 ± 25% and 37 ± 23% of
the corresponding preischemic values in
sPLA2(/) and sPLA2(+/+) hearts,
respectively (Fig. 4). CF recovered to
preischemic values in both groups. In contrast,
postischemic LVDP, LV dP/dtmax, and LV
dP/dtmin were substantially reduced, but to
similar extents in sPLA2(/) and sPLA2(+/+)
hearts (Fig. 4).
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/) hearts. Preischemic LDH release was
low and comparable in both sPLA2(/) and
sPLA2(+/+) hearts (0.15 ± 0.05 and 0.16 ± 0.11 U · min1 · g1,
respectively; not significant, NS). Cumulative LDH release over 60 min
of reperfusion amounted to 11.3 ± 3.5 and 10.5 ± 3.6 U/g wet wt for sPLA2(/) and sPLA2(+/+) hearts,
respectively (NS).
Tissue adenine nucleotide levels in preischemic hearts did not
differ between the two experimental groups. Preischemic ATP content amounted to 22.0 ± 1.9 and 20.0 ± 2.8 µmol/g dry
wt tissue in sPLA2(/) and sPLA2(+/+) hearts
(NS), respectively. Postischemic values of ventricular ATP
content in sPLA2(/) and sPLA2(+/+) hearts
were reduced to 10.3 ± 3.5 and 8.2 ± 2.3 µmol/g dry wt tissue, respectively. Tissue content of ADP, AMP, or (oxy)purines in
reperfused hearts did not differ from the corresponding
preischemic values in each of the substrains (data not shown).
The preischemic PL content amounted to 180 ± 21 and
171 ± 23 mmol/g dry wt in sPLA2(/) and in
sPLA2(+/+) hearts, respectively. The contribution of
plasmalogens was low in both strains and amounted to 4.5 ± 3.6 and 4.0 ± 3.2% of the fatty acyl moieties present in the PL pool
of sPLA2(/) and sPLA2(+/+) hearts,
respectively. The preischemic TG content amounted to 31 ± 7 and 36 ± 10 µmol/g dry wt for sPLA2(/) and
sPLA2(+/+) hearts, respectively. The tissue content as well
as the fatty acyl composition of both esterified lipid pools did not
differ between preischemic hearts from both strains, nor did
they change during ischemia-reperfusion (data not shown).
Preischemic unesterified FA content in hearts of
sPLA2(/) and sPLA2(+/+) mice amounted to
334 ± 127 and 198 ± 80 nmol/g dry wt, respectively (NS). In
the reperfused hearts of both sPLA2(/) and
sPLA2(+/+) mice, significant amounts of FA accumulated.
However, between the two groups, significant differences in total FA
content were not observed (Fig. 5).
Significant differences in the tissue content of 20:4, a sensitive
marker reflecting membrane PL degradation, were also not found (Fig.
5).
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DISCUSSION |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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In the present study, the ischemia tolerance of the murine heart defined as functional and biochemical changes was first investigated. It is demonstrated that hearts from the Swiss strain tolerate 10 min of ischemia well, as evidenced by a near-complete recovery of hemodynamic function, adenine nucleotide contents, and the limited LDH release on reperfusion. Nonetheless, reperfusion was associated with a rise in tissue FA content, reflecting release of FA from endogenous lipid pools. Extending the ischemic duration to 15 or 20 min resulted in a pronounced reduction of recovery of cardiac function, enhanced release of cytosolic proteins, and the accumulation of substantial amounts of FA, among which is arachidonic acid, in the reperfused myocardium. The applicability of this model was further investigated by comparing the ischemia tolerance of two genetically closely related C57/Bl substrains, one of which lacks functional type IIA sPLA2 due to a frame shift mutation (14, 15, 19). No significant differences could be detected between hearts from both strains after ischemia-reperfusion, neither in hemodynamic recovery nor in the extent of FA accumulation.
Hemodynamic function of the ischemic-reperfused mouse heart. The nearly complete recovery of hemodynamic function of the Swiss mouse heart after 10 min of global ischemia is at variance with earlier observations of Chen and colleagues (3), who reported that 6 min of global ischemia already induced substantial impairment of postischemic cardiac output. The cause of the apparent discrepancy between their observations and ours is not exactly clear. Differences in the biophysical characteristics of the perfusion system, such as the higher impedance of the aortic outflow tract (as reflected by the lower preischemic hemodynamic values) and differences in perfusate composition, are likely to contribute. In most other studies to date, the Langendorff-perfused heart model was used to study ischemia- and reperfusion-induced cardiac dysfunction of isolated hearts, whether or not derived from transgenic animals (17, 20, 26, 36). The minimal duration of flow-deprivation required to induce marked functional impairment in the Langendorff-perfused mouse heart in these studies ranged from 20 min (20) to 50 min (17). Factors likely to play a role in the spread in the observations are variations in nominally free Ca2+ concentrations in the perfusate, choice of substrates, temperature of the isolated hearts during global ischemia, differences in workload (perfusion pressure, retrograde versus antegrade perfusion), and strain differences. The present findings are in line with the earlier expressed notion of a higher susceptibility of the mouse heart to ischemia-reperfusion-induced damage compared with other species, such as the rat (29).
Energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis. Prolonged duration of ischemia results in a substantial reduction of ATP (<25% of preischemic value) and accumulation of AMP and (oxy)purines, mainly adenosine and inosine in the myocardium. Comparable findings were obtained in the isolated working rat heart subjected to varying periods of ischemia-reperfusion (30). The increase of ATP levels after restoration of flow indicates that mitochondrial ATP production is not seriously compromised in the surviving cells of the postischemic heart. The data suggest that the reduced total adenine nucleotide pool (sum of ATP, ADP, and AMP) at the end of reperfusion results mainly from washout of its degradation products, which prevents fast resynthesis of the parent adenine nucleotides.
The decrease in tissue FA levels during initial ischemia might point to subtle changes in the turnover of PL and TG in the initial ischemic phase. This finding is in accordance with previous observations in the ischemic rat heart, in which the transient decline in tissue FA content was associated with the accumulation of glycerol, which indicates increased TG-FA cycling (29, 32). The observation that the arachidonoyl content of the myocardial (unesterified) FA pool increased when the duration of ischemia is prolonged, is in favor of a switch from increased TG cycling to enhanced deacylation and/or decreased reacylation of the PL pool during more prolonged ischemia (Table 4) (5, 29). The substantial contribution of polyunsaturated FA such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid relative to saturated FA is in agreement with an accelerated net degradation of the cardiac PL pool during the reperfusion phase (5, 8, 27, 29) and is indicative for phospholipase A2-mediated membrane PL degradation.Fatty acid accumulation, sPLA2, and irreversible cell damage. The release of the cytosolic enzyme LDH during reperfusion was taken as a measure of the loss of cellular integrity. The strong positive correlation (r = 0.78) between the amount of LDH released during reperfusion and ventricular arachidonic acid accumulation during reperfusion supports the notion of a causative relation between accelerated PL degradation during ischemia-reperfusion and irreversible cell damage (13, 29, 32, 33).
To test whether type IIA sPLA2 known to be present in cardiac myocytes (10) plays a prominent role in postischemic cardiac PL degradation, the ischemia-reperfusion tolerance of type IIA sPLA2-deficient mice was investigated. This mouse model already enabled investigators to explore the role of this sPLA2 isoform in prostaglandin synthesis (22, 28), in intestinal tumorigenesis (7) and the gastric epithelial apoptotic response to Helicobacter infection (35). We hypothesized that the absence of type IIA sPLA2 activity would attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced membrane PL degradation and thus irreversible cell damage and improve postischemic functional recovery. Type IIA sPLA2 has been implicated as a candidate for cardiac ischemia-reperfusion-induced membrane PL degradation because of its Ca2+ dependency and nonspecific hydrolytic action toward the acylglycerol bonds of PL (23, 29, 31). Previous studies (8, 27, 32) have demonstrated that antibodies that recognize type II sPLA2 and pharmacological inhibition of type IIA sPLA2 resulted in a reduction of both ischemia-reperfusion-induced membrane degradation and cellular damage of the rat heart. A potential experimental caveat might be that some differences in preischemic hemodynamic function were apparent between the experimental groups (see Table 1). The two inbred substrains were specifically selected for their high degree of genetic similarity (15, 18, 24). It cannot be fully excluded, however, that the remaining genetic differences might account for undetermined phenotypical differences affecting hemodynamic function and/or cardiac ischemia-reperfusion susceptibility between the two substrains. The present study clearly shows that postischemic cardiac accumulation of total unesterified FA in general and arachidonic acid in particular did not differ between the two substrains, indicating that a crucial role of type IIA sPLA2 in ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial cell damage is less likely. One implication of the current observation is that PLA2s other than type IIA sPLA2 must be responsible for the enhanced PL degradation in the transiently ischemic heart. Indeed, previous studies employing synthetic PLA2 inhibitors strongly suggest that multiple PLA2 types are likely to be involved (13). In this context, the recent identification of another low-molecular-weight, Ca2+-dependent sPLA2 isoform (type V) with limited substrate preference but abundantly present in the heart is of interest (4, 23). It is feasible that type IIA and type V sPLA2 fulfill redundant functions in the heart as far as ischemia-reperfusion-induced PL degradation is concerned. In conclusion, the isolated, antegradely perfused, ejecting mouse heart model as described in the present study allows detailed evaluation of the functional and metabolic consequences of transient ischemia. Furthermore, the findings in the present study provide evidence against a decisive role of type IIA sPLA2 in ischemia-reperfusion-induced PL degradation, cellular injury and cardiac dysfunction.| |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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This work was supported by Grant 900-516-160 of The Netherlands Foundation of Scientific Research (NWO). M. van Bilsen is an Established Investigator of The Netherlands Heart Foundation.
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FOOTNOTES |
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Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: M. Van Bilsen, Dept. of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht Univ., PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (E-mail: marc.vanbilsen{at}fys.unimaas.nl).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Received 17 May 2000; accepted in final form 23 January 2001.
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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), 15 (
), and 20 min (
) of
normothermic no-flow ischemia. During the first 5 min of
reperfusion, the hearts were perfused in Langendorff mode. Thereafter,
left atrial inflow was reinstalled. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 10-11 per group). *P < 0.05 vs. preischemic value, 
P < 0.05 vs.
hearts subjected to 10 min of ischemia plus 60 min of
reperfusion.
(ATP + ADP + AMP)] in preischemic hearts (P), hearts subjected
to 10 (10-I), 15 (15-I), or 20 min (20-I) of global normothermic
ischemia, whether or not followed by reperfusion for 60 min
(+R). Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 5-8 per group). *P < 0.05 vs.
preischemia, 
