AJP - Heart Fuel your research with LabChart
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281: H1568-H1574, 2001;
0363-6135/01 $5.00
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (26)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Frisbee, J. C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Frisbee, J. C.
Vol. 281, Issue 4, H1568-H1574, October 2001

Impaired dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels to reduced oxygen tension in diabetic obese Zucker rats

Jefferson C. Frisbee

Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226


    ABSTRACT
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

This study determined alterations to hypoxic dilation of isolated skeletal muscle resistance arteries (gracilis arteries; viewed via television microscopy) from obese Zucker rats (OZR) compared with lean Zucker rats (LZR). Hypoxic dilation was reduced in OZR compared with LZR. Endothelium removal and cyclooxygenase inhibition (indomethacin) severely reduced this response in both groups, although nitric oxide synthase inhibition (Nomega -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) reduced dilation in LZR only. Treatment of vessels with a PGH2-thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist had no effect on hypoxic dilation in either group. Arterial dilation to arachidonic acid, iloprost, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside was reduced in OZR versus LZR, although dilation to forskolin and aprikalim was unaltered. Treatment of arteries from OZR with oxidative radical scavengers increased dilation to hypoxia and agonists, with no effect on responses in LZR. The restored hypoxic dilation in OZR was abolished by indomethacin. These results suggest that hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels from LZR represents the summated effects of prostanoid and nitric oxide release, whereas the impaired response of vessels in OZR may reflect scavenging of PGI2 by superoxide anion.

skeletal muscle microvessel; type 2 diabetes; hypertension; Zucker rat; hypoxia; superoxide


    INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

DIABETES MELLITUS is a widespread pathology impacting ~11 million Americans, and while a leading cause of blindness, kidney failure, and limb amputation, it is also a potent risk factor for the development of peripheral vascular disease, a debilitating condition impacting ~60 million Americans (2). A recent study (27) has indicated that type 2 diabetes is a public health challenge of increasing consequence, because, over the last 10 years, the incidence of type 2 diabetes has increased by ~70% in 30- to 39-year-old Americans and has become increasingly common among American children. The obese Zucker rat (OZR) provides a valuable model for examining the effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Owing to a nonfunctional leptin receptor gene (10) and increased food consumption, OZR rapidly develop numerous clinically relevant pathological conditions including, in addition to type 2 diabetes, hypertension and obesity (14, 29, 33). Although the progression of these phenotypes has been well documented, the effects of these pathologies, developing concurrently, on peripheral vascular function remain largely uncharacterized.

The small resistance arteries supplying skeletal muscle lie immediately proximal to downstream arterioles and exchange vessels. The ability of these microvessels to alter their active tone is of vital importance in that they are critical regulators of the delivery of blood to downstream microvessel networks. In OZR, previous studies have indicated that intestinal and mesenteric arteriolar dilation to endothelium-dependent agonists and stimuli was reduced compared with responses in control rats (13, 35, 37), an observation that may have been related to an altered tissue sensitivity to nitric oxide (NO) (36) or an increased oxidant stress in tissues of OZR compared with lean Zucker rats (LZR) (3, 17). However, there has been no attempt to determine the reactivity of skeletal muscle microvessels of OZR to the physiological dilator stimulus of hypoxia. The purposes of the present study were to determine whether alterations to the dilator reactivity of skeletal muscle resistance arteries of OZR to reduced PO2 exist and to determine which mechanisms contribute to alterations in this response between LZR and OZR.


    MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Animals. All experiments used 13- to 15-wk-old male LZR and OZR. Animals were fed standard chow and drank tap water ad libitum. Rats were housed in an animal care facility at the Medical College of Wisconsin approved by the American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, and all protocols were approved by the institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Medical College of Wisconsin. Rats were anesthetized with an injection of pentobarbital sodium (60 mg/kg ip), and a carotid artery was cannulated for determination of arterial pressure. In addition to being heavier than LZR [347 ± 10 g body wt; mean arterial pressure (MAP), 119 ± 3.2 mmHg; blood [glucose], 138 ± 15 mg/dl], OZR (613 ± 18 g body wt; MAP, 165 ± 6.4 mmHg; blood [glucose], 486 ± 48 mg/dl) demonstrated significant hypertension and hyperglycemia.

Preparation of isolated vessels. Gracilis arteries were surgically dissected from the anesthetized rat as described previously (8). Arteries were placed in a heated (37°C) chamber that allowed the lumen and exterior of the vessel to be perfused and superfused, respectively, with physiological salt solution (PSS) from separate reservoirs. The PSS used in these experiments was equilibrated with 21% O2-5% CO2-74% N2 and had the following composition (in mM): 119 NaCl, 4.7 KCl, 1.17 MgSO4, 1.6 CaCl2, 1.18 NaH2PO4, 24 NaHCO3, 0.026 EDTA, and 5.5 glucose. Vessels were cannulated at both ends with glass micropipettes (tip diameter, ~100 µm) and secured to the inflow and outflow pipettes using 10-0 nylon sutures. Any side branches were ligated with a single strand teased from a 6-0 silk suture. The inflow pipette was connected to a reservoir perfusion system that allowed the intraluminal pressure and luminal gas concentrations to be controlled. Vessel diameter was measured using television microscopy and an on-screen video micrometer.

Arteries were extended to their in vivo length and equilibrated at 80% of the animal's MAP to approximate the perfusion pressure encountered in vivo (21). Any vessel that did not demonstrate active tone at rest was discarded. Active tone at the equilibration pressure was calculated as follows: (Delta D/Dmax) × 100, where Delta D is the diameter increase from rest in response to Ca2+-free PSS and Dmax is the maximum diameter measured at the equilibration pressure in Ca2+-free PSS.

Removal of the vascular endothelium. The microvessel endothelium was removed via air bolus perfusion (8, 22). Subsequently, PSS perfusion through the lumen was restored, and the artery was allowed to reequilibrate for 30 min. Endothelium denudation procedures were deemed successful when vessel dilator reactivity to 10-6 M acetylcholine was eliminated and when the reactivity of the vessel to the endothelium-independent agonist forskolin (10-7M) was not altered from responses determined in intact vessels.

Inhibition of cytochrome P-450 4A enzymes. To assess the role of cytochrome P-450 4A-derived arachidonic acid omega -hydroxylation (producing 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) and epoxidation (producing epoxyeicosatrienoic acids) in contributing to hypoxic relaxation of arteries, these enzymes were inhibited with 10-5 M 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA) (1, 8).

Inhibition of prostanoid and NO production. To assess the role of prostanoid or NO release from the microvessel endothelium in regulating hypoxic dilation of isolated arteries, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10-6 M) or the NO synthase inhibitor Nomega -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10-4 M) was added to the vessel bath to inhibit the production of prostanoids and NO, respectively (7, 8).

Blockade of PGH2-thromboxane A2 receptors. To determine the contribution of activation of PGH2-thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptors in contributing to altered hypoxic dilation of microvessels from OZR versus LZR, dilator responses of microvessels from both groups were assessed in response to hypoxia and to iloprost (10-9 g/ml) under control conditions and after application of the PGH2-TxA2 receptor antagonist SQ-29548 (10-5 M) (15).

Dilator agonists and hypoxia. In a separate series of experiments, dilator responses of isolated gracilis arteries from LZR and OZR were assessed in response to challenge with 1) the PGI2 analog iloprost (10-15-10-9 g/ml), 2) arachidonic acid (10-8-10-5 M), 3) acetylcholine (10-9-10-6 M), 4) the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (10-13-10-7 M), 5) the endothelium-independent NO donor sodium nitroprusside (10-9-10-6 M), 6) the ATP-sensitive K+ channel agonist aprikalim (10-9-10-6 M), and 7) Ca2+-free PSS containing 10-3 M adenosine to produce maximal dilation and determine the maximum diameter of the microvessel.

Scavenging of oxidative free radicals. Previous studies (3, 17) have demonstrated that with the development of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, oxidant stress levels in tissues of OZR are increased. With the use of the established dihydroethidine microfluorography assay (5, 11, 25), Frisbee and Stepp (9) demonstrated that vascular oxidant stress levels are substantially increased in arteries of OZR versus LZR. Results from this study also demonstrated that this increased oxidant tone can be normalized to levels that are not distinguishable from those in LZR after treatment of vessels with polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) and catalase (9). To determine the extent to which increased oxidant stress levels might contribute to alterations in hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels between LZR and OZR, vessels from both groups were treated with the free radical scavengers PEG-SOD (200 U/ml, Sigma) and catalase (80 U/ml, Sigma). Treatment of tissues with these substances has been previously demonstrated to significantly lower oxidant stress levels (12, 20).

Experiment protocols. In the present study, arterial responses to hypoxia were determined at the equilibration pressure for each microvessel (95 ± 5 mmHg for LZR and 131 ± 6 mmHg for OZR). For each vessel, the O2 content of the equilibration gas for the PSS was varied between 21% and 0% O2 (5% CO2-balance N2 for each). In the present experiments, this would cause a reduction in PSS PO2 from ~140 mmHg (under 21% O2) to ~35 mmHg (under 0% O2) (7).

Determination of mediators of hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle resistance arteries. Initial experiments determined whether a difference in hypoxic dilation of isolated microvessels exists between LZR and OZR and the relative contribution of vascular endothelium-dependent and -independent processes regulating this response. Hypoxia-induced alterations in vascular tone were assessed in vessels under four conditions: control, after application of 17-ODYA, after endothelium removal, and after imposition of both treatments.

The second series of experiments determined the contribution of endothelium-derived vasoactive metabolites, specifically, NO, prostanoids, and cytochrome P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid (i.e., epoxyeicosatrienoic acid) in regulating the dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels to reduced PO2. After the response of vessels to hypoxia was determined, arteries were treated with L-NAME, indomethacin, or 17-ODYA. Vessels were also subjected to combinations of the inhibitors to more accurately elucidate the contribution of the individual pathways to hypoxic dilation of gracilis arteries of LZR and OZR.

Determination of vascular responses to dilator agonists. Subsequent experiments determined vascular responses to dilator agonists associated with the pathways of hypoxic dilation determined in the above experiments. After the hypoxic dilation of vessels was determined, microvessel reactivity was evaluated after application of arachidonic acid, acetylcholine, iloprost, forskolin, sodium nitroprusside, and aprikalim, as described above.

Determination of vascular responses to agonists and hypoxia after treatment with PEG-SOD and catalase. For these experiments, the response of isolated microvessels from LZR and OZR to arachidonic acid, acetylcholine, iloprost, sodium nitroprusside, and hypoxia was determined before and after treatment of the vessel with the oxidative free radical scavengers PEG-SOD and catalase or catalase alone, as described above.

Role of intralumenal pressure in mediating dilator responses. Given that the evaluation of the dilator reactivity of gracilis arteries from LZR and OZR was performed at different intralumenal equilibration pressures, additional data were collected to address the possibility that the elevated intralumenal pressure employed for OZR may have contributed to alterations in dilator reactivity in these vessels. For these experiments, the dilator reactivity of isolated vessels of OZR in response to 10-6 M acetylcholine, 10-6 M sodium nitroprusside, and hypoxia was evaluated at the intraluminal equilibration pressure employed for both LZR (95 mmHg) and OZR (131 mmHg).

Data and statistical analyses. For all concentration-response curves, vascular reactivity data were fit with the following regression equation
y=&agr;+&bgr;(log [<IT>x</IT>]) (1)
where y is the dilator response (increase in vessel diameter in response to challenge with a specific agonist), alpha  is an intercept term, and [x] is the agonist concentration. For all regression equations, r2 > 0.85. For this analysis, the beta  (slope) coefficient represents the change in microvessel diameter for a logarithmic change in agonist concentration.

All data are presented as means ± SE. Differences in beta -coefficients and in the responses of isolated vessels to hypoxia were determined using ANOVA, with Tukey's post hoc test and Student's t-test where appropriate. For all analyses, P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.


    RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Under control conditions, resting diameter and active tone of isolated microvessels from LZR and OZR were not different. However, the maximum microvessel diameter, determined during superfusion with Ca2+-free PSS, was significantly lower in OZR versus LZR (Table 1).

                              
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1.   Resting diameters of isolated gracilis arteries of LZR and OZR under experimental conditions

Mediators of hypoxic dilation. Data describing hypoxic dilation of microvessels from LZR and OZR and the effects of endothelium denudation are presented in Fig. 1. Gracilis arteries from OZR demonstrated a significant impairment in vessel dilation to reduced PO2 compared with responses in LZR. Removal of the microvessel endothelium with air bolus perfusion abolished the dilator reactivity of vessels of LZR to hypoxia, whereas this response was severely inhibited in vessels of OZR.


View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 1.   The response of isolated gracilis arteries from lean (LZR) and obese Zucker rats (OZR) after a reduction in superfusate O2 concentration from 21% to 0% O2. Data are presented for arteries under control conditions and after removal of the microvessel endothelium (-endothelium). n = 1 vessel/rat (5-10 rats total). *P < 0.05 vs. control; dagger P < 0.05 vs. no response.

Figure 2 presents data describing hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels from LZR and OZR after inhibition of NO synthase, cyclooxygenase, or both. In LZR, treatment of vessels with L-NAME or indomethacin significantly reduced hypoxic dilation of vessels from control values, whereas treatment of vessels with both inhibitors abolished this response (Fig. 2A). In contrast, treatment of vessels from OZR with L-NAME had no effect on hypoxic dilation, although application of indomethacin significantly reduced the dilator reactivity of these vessels to hypoxia (Fig. 2B).


View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 2.   The response of isolated gracilis arteries from LZR (A) and OZR (B) after a reduction in superfusate O2 concentration from 21% to 0% O2. Data are presented for arteries under control conditions, after treatment of vessels with 100 µM Nomega -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 1 µM indomethacin, and after application of both inhibitors. n = 1 vessel/rat (5 animals total). *P < 0.05 vs. control; dagger P < 0.05 vs. L-NAME; Dagger P < 0.05 vs. indomethacin.

Treatment of intact vessels from LZR or OZR or endothelium-denuded vessels of LZR with 17-ODYA did not alter the dilation of vessels to reduced PO2 from responses determined in untreated vessels. However, after endothelium denudation, the small residual dilation of vessels from OZR in response to reduced PO2 (3.6 ± 1.1 µm) was eliminated by subsequent application of 17-ODYA (-0.3 ± 0.3 µm).

In response to application of the PGH2-TxA2 receptor antagonist, microvessel dilation to hypoxia or to iloprost was not altered in either group from values determined under control conditions. In LZR, microvessels dilated by 18.5 ± 3.9 and 27.5 ± 3.7 µm in response to hypoxia and iloprost, respectively. After application of SQ-29548, vessels dilated by 16.9 ± 3.1 and 28.2 ± 4.8 µm to these same stimuli. In OZR, under control conditions, vessels dilated by 11.2 ± 2.5 µm in response to hypoxia and 13.4 ± 3.6 µm after application of iloprost. During blockade of PGH2-TxA2 receptors, microvessels of OZR dilated by 9.4 ± 3.4 and 15.4 ± 4.1 µm to hypoxia and iloprost, respectively.

Reactivity to dilator agonists. Data describing the dilator responses of skeletal muscle microvessels to the agonists employed in the present study are summarized in Table 2. beta  (slope) coefficients describing the dilator reactivity of microvessels from OZR to arachidonic acid, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and iloprost were significantly reduced compared with values determined in LZR, indicating that skeletal muscle arterial dilation to these agonists was reduced in OZR versus LZR. In contrast, beta -coefficients describing dilator responses of these vessels to forksolin and aprikalim were not different between groups, indicating a comparable level of dilator reactivity to direct adenylate cyclase and ATP-sensitive K+ channel activation, respectively, in skeletal muscle resistance arteries of LZR and OZR. In vessels of LZR, treatment of isolated arteries with L-NAME completely abolished the reactivity of the vessels to 10-6 M acetylcholine (control vessel dilation, 21.3 ± 3.5 µm; L-NAME-treated vessel dilation, 2.5 ± 3.1 µm). Similarly, the small dilation of vessels of OZR in response to acetylcholine (6.4 ± 2.5 µm) was abolished after treatment of vessels with L-NAME (-1.5 ± 1.8 µm).

                              
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 2.   beta (slope) coefficients from regression equations of skeletal muscle microvessels of LZR and OZR in response to agonists

Table 3 presents data describing the effects of treatment of skeletal muscle microvessels from LZR and OZR with PEG-SOD and catalase on dilator responses to arachidonic acid, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and iloprost. In LZR, application of the free radical scavengers did not significantly alter beta -coefficients describing the concentration-response curves of vessels any to the agonists. In contrast, treatment of vessels of OZR with PEG-SOD and catalase significantly increased beta -coefficients describing the vessel concentration-response curves to each of the agonists, indicating a significant increase in the dilator reactivity of skeletal muscle microvessels to these agonists after treatment with the oxidative free radical scavengers. In additional studies where catalase alone was applied to the isolated vessels, the dilator responses of gracilis arteries from both LZR and OZR to the employed agonists was not significantly altered from levels determined in untreated vessels (Table 3).

                              
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 3.   beta (slope) coefficients from regression equations of skeletal muscle microvessels of LZR and OZR in response to agonists under control conditions and after treatment with PEG-SOD and catalase

The effects of treatment of vessels from LZR and OZR with PEG-SOD and catalase on hypoxic dilation are presented in Fig. 3. In LZR, application of both free radical scavengers did not alter hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels from levels under control conditions (Fig. 3A). In contrast, treatment of vessels of OZR with the scavengers significantly increased dilator reactivity to hypoxia from levels in untreated vessels (Fig. 3B). However, compared with the hypoxic dilation of isolated vessels of OZR under control conditions (8.7 ± 2.2 µm), application of catalase alone had no significant effect on vessel responses to reduced PO2 (9.4 ± 2.8 µm). Subsequent application of L-NAME to vessels of OZR that had been treated with PEG-SOD and catalase had no effect on the enhanced dilator response to reduced PO2. However, application of indomethacin to vessels of OZR after treatment with the oxidative free radical scavengers completely abolished hypoxic dilation.


View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 3.   The response of gracilis arteries from LZR (A) and OZR (B) after a reduction in superfusate O2 concentration from 21% to 0% O2. Data are presented for arteries under control conditions and after treatment of vessels with polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) and catalase. In B, data are also presented for vessels from OZR after application of L-NAME or indomethacin after treatment of vessels with the oxidative free radical scavengers. n = 1 vessel/rat (5 animals total). *P < 0.05 vs. control; dagger P < 0.05 vs. PEG-SOD and catalase plus L-NAME; Dagger P < 0.05 vs. PEG-SOD and catalase plus indomethacin.

The effects of elevated intralumenal equilibration pressure on the dilator reactivity of isolated skeletal muscle resistance arteries from OZR are presented in Fig. 4. When the intraluminal pressure employed for vessels of OZR (131 ± 6 mmHg) was reduced to that used for vessels of LZR (95 ± 5 mmHg), the dilator responses of vessels to acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and reduced PO2 were not significantly different from those determined at the normal equilibration pressure for OZR.


View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 4.   The dilation of isolated gracilis arteries from OZR after application of 10-6 M acetylcholine or 10-6 M sodium nitroprusside or in response to reduced PO2. Data are presented for vessels under the normal equilibration pressure for OZR (131 mmHg) and for vessels of OZR under the normal equilibration pressure for LZR (95 mmHg). No significant differences were determined in the response of the vessels to the dilator stimuli between the two equilibration pressures.


    DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

The primary observation of the present study was that hypoxic dilation of gracilis arteries of OZR was impaired relative to LZR (Fig. 1). This impaired reactivity to hypoxia, a novel observation of the present study, is in general agreement with existing observations of impaired endothelium-dependent dilation of intestinal and mesenteric microvessels (13, 35, 37) and skeletal muscle arterioles of OZR (9). Interestingly, in OZR, a significant reactivity of skeletal muscle microvessels to hypoxia was retained. The persistent dilator response to reduced PO2 despite the development of hypertension is in agreement with a recent study (8) by the author investigating the effects of Dahl hypertension but contrasts with a previous study (21) investigating the reduced renal mass model of hypertension. These observations suggest that substantial heterogeneity exists regarding the regulation of microvessel tone with hypoxia across different models of hypertension.

The results of the present study suggest that the release of NO and/or prostanoids from the vascular endothelium are responsible for hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels from LZR and OZR. While these data are in agreement with previous studies (7, 8, 16, 24, 30) indicating that hypoxic dilation in normotensive rats is mediated by the release of these substances, the present results contrast with a recent study (8) suggesting an endothelium-independent cytochrome P-450 omega -hydroxylase-dependent component contributing to this response in gracilis arteries of hypertensive Dahl rats. The results of the present study support only a minimal role for cytochrome P-450 enzymes in mediating hypoxic dilation in skeletal muscle microvessels of Zucker rats. It is important to note, however, that the present study employed only one level of hypoxia for the isolated vessels. Additional studies, with more mild or more severe levels of hypoxia, could elucidate additional contributing mechanisms underlying the dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels to reduced PO2.

Hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle resistance arteries of LZR appeared to be wholly dependent on NO and prostanoid release from the vascular endothelium (Fig. 2A). In contrast, the dilation of gracilis arteries of OZR in response to reduced PO2 was predominantly prostanoid dependent, with a reduced role for NO synthesis and/or release in mediating this response (Fig. 2B). On the basis of data presented in Fig. 2, it is apparent that an impairment of NO or prostanoid signaling pathways or both underlies the compromised dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels of OZR to hypoxia.

Previous studies have suggested that an impaired hypoxic dilation of vessels from hypertensive animals could be due to either a release of vasoconstrictor metabolites via cyclooxygenase in addition to release of PGI2 (i.e., PGH2 and TxA2, see Refs. 4 and 31) or to an inappropriate activation of PGH2-TxA2 receptors by PGI2 (23). Furthermore, a recent study (32) has indicated that blockade of PGH2-TxA2 receptors in the cheek pouch of spontaneously hypertensive hamsters restores microvessel dilator reactivity to acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide. However, the results of the present study suggest that these processes do not contribute to the impaired hypoxic dilation of gracilis arteries of OZR, because application of the PGH2-TxA2 receptor antagonist SQ-29548 did not alter hypoxia- or iloprost-induced responses of vessels from LZR or OZR.

It has been suggested that tissue oxidant stress levels are elevated in OZR, compromising dilator responses of microvessels to NO-dependent stimuli (3, 17). Furthermore, the author (9) has previously demonstrated that vascular superoxide anion levels were increased in OZR versus LZR and that treatment of vessels with PEG-SOD and catalase reduces vascular oxidant stress in OZR to levels that are not distinguishable from LZR. As presented in Table 3, vascular oxidant stress levels in OZR were correlated with dilator reactivity of skeletal muscle microvessels to NO- and PGI2-dependent dilator agonists. When compared with the agonist-induced dilator responses of vessels from LZR, these data suggest that reduced vascular smooth muscle reactivity to NO and PGI2 in OZR may reflect increased scavenging of these signaling molecules by oxidative radicals and their conversion to peroxynitrate (34) and isoprostanes (6, 17-19, 28), respectively. However, the results of the present study suggest that the primary source of the oxidant stress-induced impairment in dilator reactivity in OZR was due to superoxide anion and not hydrogen peroxide, because treatment of vessels from OZR with catalase alone had no significant effect on the dilation of vessels from these rats to either reduced PO2 or to the employed agonists.

After normalization of vascular oxidant stress in OZR, hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels was increased compared with responses determined under control conditions (Fig. 3). Subsequent application of L-NAME to vessels of OZR treated with PEG-SOD and catalase did not alter hypoxic dilation, although application of indomethacin to these vessels abolished this response. These data suggest that, despite normalization of vascular oxidant stress and restoration of dilator reactivity of these vessels to NO-dependent pharmacological agents (Table 3), the ability of skeletal muscle microvessels to produce and/or release NO in response to hypoxia may be compromised in OZR.

Interestingly, restoration of the prostanoid-dependent component of hypoxic dilation of gracilis arteries of OZR after application of PEG-SOD and catalase suggests that degradation of PGI2 by superoxide anion may represent a primary mechanism underlying the impaired dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels to reduced PO2. However, it is important to note that results from the present study do not rule out the possibility that an elevated vascular oxidant stress level might contribute to impaired endothelial release of PGI2, degradation of prostacyclin receptors, or interference at additional sites in the signal transduction pathways associated with PGI2 that were alleviated after treatment of the isolated gracilis artery of OZR with free radical scavengers.

Summary and conclusions. The results of the present study indicate that hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels from OZR is impaired compared with responses in microvessels from LZR. In LZR, hypoxic dilation is mediated by the combined effects of NO and prostanoid release from the vascular endothelium, whereas in OZR, microvessel dilation to reduced PO2 is largely dependent on endothelium-dependent prostanoid release. Normalization of tissue oxidant stress improves dilator responses of microvessels from OZR to NO- and PGI2-dependent dilator agonists and restores the prostanoid-dependent component of hypoxic dilation. These data may represent the first observations suggesting impairment of a PGI2-dependent vasodilator response due to an inactivation of endothelium-derived prostacyclin by superoxide anion.


    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author expresses thanks to Dr. D. W. Stepp for assistance in performing the dihydroethidine fluorescence assay and Dr. J. H. Lombard for helpful suggestions during the preparation of this manuscript. The author also thanks Berlex Laboratories for the generous donation of the iloprost used in these studies.


    FOOTNOTES

This work was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grants HL-29587 and HL-37374 and by the Research Affairs Committee at the Medical College of Wisconsin.

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. C. Frisbee, Dept. of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226 (E-mail: jfrisbee{at}mcw.edu).

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Received 9 March 2001; accepted in final form 26 June 2001.


    REFERENCES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

1.   Alonso-Galicia, M, Sun CW, Falck JR, Harder DR, and Roman RJ. Contribution of 20-HETE to the vasodilator actions of nitric oxide in renal arteries. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 275: F370-F378, 1998[Abstract/Free Full Text].

2.  American Heart Association Statistics. American Heart Association, 1998 [2001, July 5, 2001]. http://www.americanheart.org/catalog/Scientific_catpage70.html.

3.   Andrews, TJ, Laight DW, Anggard EE, and Carrier MJ. Investigation of endothelial hyperreactivity in the obese Zucker rat in situ: reversal by vitamin E. J Pharm Pharmacol 52: 83-86, 2000[ISI][Medline].

4.   Auch-Schwelk, W, Katusic ZS, and Vanhoutte PM. Thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists inhibit endothelium-dependent contractions. Hypertension 15: 699-703, 1990[Abstract/Free Full Text].

5.   Becker, LB, Vanden Hoek TL, Shao Z, Li C, and Schumacker PT. Generation of superoxide in cardiomyocytes during ischemia before reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 277: H2240-H2246, 1999[Abstract/Free Full Text].

6.   De Groot, CJ, Murai JT, Vigne JL, and Taylor RN. Eicosanoid secretion by human endothelial cells exposed to normal pregnancy and preeclampsia plasma in vitro. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 58: 91-97, 1998[ISI][Medline].

7.   Fredricks, KT, Liu Y, and Lombard JH. Response of extraparenchymal resistance arteries of rat skeletal muscle to reduced PO2. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 267: H706-H715, 1994[Abstract/Free Full Text].

8.   Frisbee, JC, Roman RJ, Krishna UM, Falck JR, and Lombard JH. Altered mechanisms underlying hypoxic dilation of skeletal muscle resistance arteries of hypertensive versus normotensive Dahl rats. Microcirculation 8: 115-128, 2001[ISI][Medline].

9.   Frisbee, JC, and Stepp DW. Impaired nitric oxide-dependent dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles in hypertensive diabetic obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281: H1304-H1311, 2001[Abstract/Free Full Text].

10.   Guerre-Millo, M. Regulation of ob gene and overexpression in obesity. Biomed Pharmacother 51: 318-323, 1997[Medline].

11.   Hidekazu Swei, SA, A, Zweifach BW, and Schmid-Schonbein GW. In vivo evidence for microvascular oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats: hydroethidine microfluorography. Hypertension 25: 1083-1089, 1995[Abstract/Free Full Text].

12.   Huang, A, Sun D, Kaley G, and Koller A. Superoxide released to high intra-arteriolar pressure reduces nitric oxide-mediated shear stress- and agonist-induced dilations. Circ Res 83: 960-965, 1998[Abstract/Free Full Text].

13.   Jin, JS, and Bohlen HG. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hyperglycemia impair rat intestinal flow-mediated regulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 272: H728-H734, 1997[Abstract/Free Full Text].

14.   Kasiske, BL, O'Donnell MP, and Keane WF. The Zucker rat model of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and renal injury. Hypertension 19: I110-I115, 1992.

15.   Kauser, K, Clark JE, Masters BS, Ortiz de Montellano PR, Ma YH, Harder DR, and Roman RJ. Inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 attenuate the myogenic response of dog renal arcuate arteries. Circ Res 68: 1154-1163, 1991[Abstract/Free Full Text].

16.   Kerkhof, CJM, Bakker ENTP, and Sipkema P. Role of cytochrome P-450 4A in oxygen sensing and NO production in rat cremaster resistance arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 277: H1546-H1552, 1999[Abstract/Free Full Text].

17.   Laight, DW, Desai KM, Anggard EE, and Carrier MJ. Endothelial dysfunction accompanies a pro-oxidant, pro-diabetic challenge in the insulin resistance, obese Zucker rat in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 402: 95-99, 2000[ISI][Medline].

18.   Laight, DW, Desai KM, Gopaul NK, Anggard EE, and Carrier MJ. F2-isoprostane evidence of oxidant stress in the insulin resistant, obese Zucker rat: effects of vitamin E. Eur J Pharmacol 377: 89-92, 1999[ISI][Medline].

19.   Laight, DW, Kengatharan KM, Gopaul NK, Anggard EE, and Carrier MJ. Investigation of oxidant stress and vasodepression to glyceryl trinitrate in the obese Zucker rat in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 125: 895-901, 1998[ISI][Medline].

20.   Lenda, DM, Sauls BA, and Boegehold MA. Reactive oxygen species may contribute to reduced endothelium-dependent dilation in rats fed high salt. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279: H7-H14, 2000[Abstract/Free Full Text].

21.   Liu, Y, Fredricks KT, Roman RJ, and Lombard JH. Response of resistance arteries to reduced PO2 and vasodilators during hypertension and elevated salt intake. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 273: H869-H877, 1997[Abstract/Free Full Text].

22.   Liu, Y, Harder DR, and Lombard JH. Myogenic activation of canine small renal arteries after nonchemical removal of the endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 267: H302-H307, 1994[Abstract/Free Full Text].

23.   Mayhan, WG. Role of prostaglandin H2-thromboxane A2 in responses of cerebral arterioles during chronic hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 262: H539-H543, 1992[Abstract/Free Full Text].

24.   Messina, EJ, Sun D, Koller A, Wolin MS, and Kaley G. Role of endothelium-derived prostaglandins in hypoxia elicited arteriolar dilation in rat skeletal muscle. Circ Res 71: 790-796, 1992[Abstract/Free Full Text].

25.   Miller, FJ, Gutterman DD, Rios CD, Heistad DD, and Davidson BL. Superoxide production in vascular smooth muscle contributes to oxidative stress and impaired relaxation in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 82: 1298-1305, 1998[Abstract/Free Full Text].

26.   Miura, H, Liu Y, and Gutterman DD. Human coronary arteriolar dilation to bradykinin depends on membrane hyperpolarization: contribution of nitric oxide and Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Circulation 99: 3132-3138, 1999[Abstract/Free Full Text].

27.   Mokdad, AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Nelson DE, Engelgau MM, Vinicor F, and Marks JS. Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990-1998. Diabetes Care 23: 1278-1283, 2000[Abstract/Free Full Text].

28.   Oguogho, A, Kaliman J, and Sinzinger H. Eicosanoid generation and responsiveness of human lymphatics in hyperlipoproteinemia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 62: 47-52, 2000[ISI][Medline].

29.   Paulson, DJ, and Tahiliani AG. Cardiovascular abnormalities associated with human and rodent obesity. Life Sci 51: 1557-1569, 2000.

30.   Pries, AR, Heide J, Ley K, Klotz KF, and Gaehtgens P. Effect of oxygen tension on regulation of arteriolar diameter in skeletal muscle in situ. Microvasc Res 49: 289-299, 1995[ISI][Medline].

31.   Rapoport, RM, and Williams SP. Role of prostaglandins in acetylcholine-induced contraction of aorta from spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Hypertension 28: 64-75, 1996[Abstract/Free Full Text].

32.   Suzuki, H, Ikezaki H, Hong D, and Rubenstein I. PGH2-TxA2 receptor blockade restores vasoreactivity in a new rodent model of genetic hypertension. J Appl Physiol 88: 1983-1988, 2000[Abstract/Free Full Text].

33.   Van Zwieten, PA, Kam KL, Pijl AJ, Hendricks MG, Beenen OH, and Pfaffendorff M. Hypertensive diabetic rats in pharmacological studies. Pharmacol Res 33: 95-105, 1996[ISI][Medline].

34.   Wolin, MS. Reactive oxygen species and vascular signal transduction mechanisms. Microcirculation 3: 1-17, 1996[Medline].

35.   Wu, X, Makynen H, Kahonen M, Arvola P, and Porsti I. Mesenteric arterial function in vitro in three models of experimental hypertension. J Hypertens 14: 365-372, 1996[ISI][Medline].

36.   Young, ME, and Leighton B. Evidence for altered sensitivity of the nitric oxide/cGMP signaling cascade in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. Biochem J 329: 73-79, 1998.

37.   Zanchi, A, Delacretaz E, Taleb V, Gaillard R, Jeanrenaud B, Brunner HR, and Waeber B. Endothelial function of the mesenteric arteriole and mechanical behavior of the carotid artery in rats with insulin resistance and hypercholesterolemia. J Hypertens 13: 1463-1470, 1995[ISI][Medline].

Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281(4):H1568-H1574
0363-6135/01 $5.00 Copyright © 2001 the American Physiological Society


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
L. Xiang, J. Dearman, S. R. Abram, C. Carter, and R. L. Hester
Insulin resistance and impaired functional vasodilation in obese Zucker rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): H1658 - H1666.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
N. Erdei, A. Toth, E. T. Pasztor, Z. Papp, I. Edes, A. Koller, and Z. Bagi
High-fat diet-induced reduction in nitric oxide-dependent arteriolar dilation in rats: role of xanthine oxidase-derived superoxide anion
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): H2107 - H2115.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
X. Zhao, J. E. Quigley, J. Yuan, M.-H. Wang, Y. Zhou, and J. D. Imig
PPAR-{alpha} activator fenofibrate increases renal CYP-derived eicosanoid synthesis and improves endothelial dilator function in obese Zucker rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): H2187 - H2195.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
J. C. Frisbee
Vascular adrenergic tone and structural narrowing constrain reactive hyperemia in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): H2066 - H2074.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
L. Xiang, J. S. Naik, B. L. Hodnett, and R. L. Hester
Altered arachidonic acid metabolism impairs functional vasodilation in metabolic syndrome
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2006; 290(1): R134 - R138.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J. C. Frisbee
Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to skeletal muscle microvessel rarefaction in the metabolic syndrome
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): R307 - R316.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
W. Zhou, X.-L. Wang, T. L. Kaduce, A. A. Spector, and H.-C. Lee
Impaired arachidonic acid-mediated dilation of small mesenteric arteries in Zucker diabetic fatty rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): H2210 - H2218.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
L. Xiang, J. Naik, and R. L. Hester
Exercise-induced increase in skeletal muscle vasodilatory responses in obese Zucker rats
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): R987 - R991.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
S. A. Phillips, F. A. Sylvester, and J. C. Frisbee
Oxidant stress and constrictor reactivity impair cerebral artery dilation in obese Zucker rats
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): R522 - R530.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
X. Zhao, A. Dey, O. P. Romanko, D. W. Stepp, M.-H. Wang, Y. Zhou, L. Jin, J. S. Pollock, R. C. Webb, and J. D. Imig
Decreased epoxygenase and increased epoxide hydrolase expression in the mesenteric artery of obese Zucker rats
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): R188 - R196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
J. C. Frisbee
Enhanced arteriolar {alpha}-adrenergic constriction impairs dilator responses and skeletal muscle perfusion in obese Zucker rats
J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2004; 97(2): 764 - 772.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
D. W. Stepp, D. M. Pollock, and J. C. Frisbee
Low-flow vascular remodeling in the metabolic syndrome X
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2004; 286(3): H964 - H970.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
H. G. Bohlen
Protein kinase {beta}II in Zucker obese rats compromises oxygen and flow-mediated regulation of nitric oxide formation
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): H492 - H497.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
S. A. Phillips, E. B. Olson, B. J. Morgan, and J. H. Lombard
Chronic intermittent hypoxia impairs endothelium-dependent dilation in rat cerebral and skeletal muscle resistance arteries
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): H388 - H393.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J. C. Frisbee
Impaired skeletal muscle perfusion in obese Zucker rats
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): R1124 - R1134.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
J. C. Frisbee
Remodeling of the skeletal muscle microcirculation increases resistance to perfusion in obese Zucker rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H104 - H111.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar artic