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1 Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; 2 Gene Vec, Incorporated, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878; and 3 Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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The present study was designed
to determine the effect of recombinant inducible nitric oxide (NO)
synthase (iNOS) gene expression on vasomotor function in cerebral
arteries. Isolated canine basilar arteries were exposed ex vivo (30 min
at 37°C) to an adenoviral vector [107, 108,
or 109 plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml] encoding either the
iNOS gene or the 
-galactosidase reporter gene. Twenty-four hours
after transduction, Western blot analysis demonstrated expression of iNOS protein only in iNOS (109 pfu/ml)-transduced arteries.
Immunohistochemical analysis localized iNOS expression predominantly in
adventitia. Vascular reactivity of isolated basilar arteries was
studied by isometric force recording. Concentration-response curves to
UTP (10
9-103 M) and
diethylaminodiazen-1-ium-1,2-dioate
(1010-105 M) were
significantly shifted to the right in iNOS gene (109
pfu/ml)-transduced rings compared with control and
-galactosidase-transduced rings (P < 0.05, n = 5-6). Endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin was significantly attenuated in iNOS-transduced rings (P < 0.001, n = 8). The basal level of
cGMP and superoxide anion (O
adventitia; bradykinin; nitric oxide; superoxide anion; inducible nitric oxide synthase
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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NITRIC
OXIDE (NO) synthesized by enzymatic activity of endothelial NO
synthase (eNOS) is a key mediator of smooth muscle relaxation in the
normal blood vessels (22). During inflammation, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is expressed in the vessel wall, including the
adventitia (17, 36), and is associated with attenuation of
vasoconstriction and vasodilatation (3, 26). A more recent study (8) has demonstrated that ex vivo iNOS gene transfer to normal carotid arteries caused attenuation of vasoconstriction mediated by activation of 
-adrenergic and thromboxane A2
receptors. Interestingly, in vivo adenovirus-mediated iNOS expression
also attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxations
(8).
The role of iNOS expression in pathogenesis of vascular diseases is not fully understood. Both beneficial and detrimental effects of iNOS expression on vascular homeostasis have been reported (6, 12, 14, 18, 27). A number of previous studies (13, 32) have demonstrated that vasomotor reactivity of cerebral arteries is different from reactivity of the peripheral arteries. Effects of recombinant iNOS expression on vasomotor function of cerebral arteries have not been studied. Furthermore, iNOS appears to play an important role in pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases including stroke (11). Thus the present study was designed to characterize the effect of recombinant iNOS expression in cerebral arteries. We hypothesized that increased expression of iNOS may have inhibitory effect on vasoconstrictor and vasodilator function of cerebral arteries.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Adenoviral vectors.
An E1- and E3-deleted adenoviral vector carrying human iNOS cDNA
(AdiNOS) was designed and constructed as previously described (27, 28). An E1- and E3-deleted adenoviral vector carrying the -galactosidase (-Gal) gene (AdLacZ) was used in all gene transfer experiments as a control, which was designed and constructed as previously described (28, 34). The titer of AdiNOS
preparation was ~5 × 1011 plaque-forming units
(pfu)/ml, whereas the AdLacZ titer was ~2 × 1012
pfu/ml.
Gene transfer. All procedures were in accordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines of Mayo Clinic. Basilar arteries were taken from mongrel dogs (18-27 kg) anesthetized with 30 mg/kg of intravenous Pentothal. To remove blood, arterial rings were gently rinsed with cold (4°C) modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution [control solution, containing (in mmol/l) 118.3 NaCl, 4.7 KCl, 2.5 CaCl2, 1.2 MgSO4, 1.2 KH2PO4, 25.0 NaHCO3, 0.026 Ca-EDTA, and 11.1 glucose]. Loose perivascular tissue was removed carefully, and arteries were cut in 4-mm-long rings. Rings were randomly assigned for gene transfer and were transduced with adenoviral vectors (107-109 pfu/ml, total volume 300 µl) in minimal essential medium (MEM; containing 0.1% BSA, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin) for 30 min at 37°C. The rings were then transferred to fresh MEM and incubated for 24 h at 37°C in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, Forma Scientific). The next day, the rings were suspended for isometric force recording in an organ chamber. The viral titer and incubation time were considered to be optimal for ex vivo gene transfer on the basis of results of our previous studies (5, 31). Nontransduced arteries used as controls for certain experiments were incubated in MEM alone for 24 h.
Western blot analysis of recombinant iNOS.
Vascular tissues were homogenized in cold lysis buffer [50 mmol/l
Tris · HCl (pH 7.5), 0.1 mmol/l EDTA, 0.1 mmol/l
EGTA, 0.1% SDS, 0.1% deoxycholate, 1% IGEPAL, and a cocktail of
protease inhibitors; all from Sigma]. Total proteins were extracted by rotating the lysate for 1 h at 4°C. The sample was then
centrifuged for 5 min at 14,000 g, and the supernatant was
harvested. Protein concentrations were determined using an assay kit
(Bio-Rad; Hercules, CA). Sample proteins (150 µg/lane) were resolved
on a 7.5% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to nitrocellulose. Positive
control was a lysate of mouse macrophages stimulated with
interferon-
and lipopolysaccharide. Primary antibody was monoclonal
anti-iNOS (N39120, BD Transduction; San Diego, CA). Chemiluminescence
was used to visualize bands (ECL, Amersham; Arlington Heights, IL).
Immunohistochemical analysis of gene expression. Expression of recombinant iNOS was visualized by immunohistochemistry performed on rings 24 h after transduction. Sections (5 µm) were cut from rings frozen in embedding medium (OCT compound). After tissue was dried onto the slide, it was acetone fixed and endogenous peroxidase blocked in PBS-0.1% sodium azide-0.3% H2O2. Standard methods with slight modifications were used. Blocking of nonspecific proteins was done in 0.5 M PBS with 0.5% Tween 20 and 10% normal rabbit serum. All antibodies were diluted in the same 0.5 PBS-Tween with 1% normal rabbit serum. Primary antibody was a monoclonal anti-iNOS (N39120, 1:50, BD Transduction) followed by a secondary biotinylated rabbit anti-mouse IgG (1:500). Samples were then incubated with peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin. Color was developed with 3-amino-9-ethycarbazole, and tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin. Antibody specificity of staining was confirmed by staining iNOS-transduced sections with an isotype-matched irrelevant antibody or without primary antibody.
Analysis of vascular reactivity.
Twenty-four hours after gene transfer, rings were connected to an
isometric force-displacement transducer (Grass FT03, Grass Instruments;
Quincy, MA) and suspended in an organ chamber filled with 25 ml control
solution (37°C, pH 7.4) aerated with 94% O2-6% CO2. Isometric tension was recorded continuously. The rings
were allowed to stabilize at a resting tension of 0.2-0.4 g for
1 h. Each ring was then gradually stretched to the optimal point
of its length-tension curve (~3.0 g) as determined by the contraction to 105 M UTP. All experiments were conducted in the
presence of 105 M indomethacin to eliminate the possible
influence of endogenous cyclooxygenase. The incubation time with
indomethacin or NG-nitro-L-arginine
methyl ester (L-NAME; 3 × 104
M) was 30 or 15 min, respectively. To evaluate relaxation responses, the rings were contracted with median effective concentrations (EC50) of UTP (3 × 106-3 × 105 M) before the addition of agonists.
Concentration-response curves were obtained in a cumulative fashion.
Several rings prepared from the same artery were studied in parallel.
The relaxations were expressed as a percentage of maximal relaxations
induced by 3 × 104 M papaverine.
Measurement of cGMP. A radioimmunoassay technique was used to determine the levels of cGMP, as reported previously (31). Rings were initially incubated in MEM in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C for 30 min. The rings were then removed from the medium and quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen. After homogenization, cGMP levels were measured by a cGMP radioimmunoassay kit (Amersham). Protein concentration was measured by a DC Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad). Rings taken from the same dogs were studied in parallel.
Quantification of vascular O2 M)
for 20 min before the recording. Photon counts were recorded every 2 min for 8 min, and the background was subtracted. The vessels were then
dried for 24 h at 90°C and weighed. The results were expressed
as counts per minute per milligram of dry weight.
Drugs. The following pharmacological agents were used: UTP, bradykinin, papaverine hydrochloride, L-NAME, indomethacin, tiron (Sigma), lucigenin (Molecular Probes; Eugene, OR), and diethylaminodiazen-1-ium-1,2-dioate (DEA-NONOate; Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI). Drugs were dissolved in distilled water. Solutions of DEA-NONOate in the highest concentration were prepared in 1.5 M Tris (pH 8.8). The concentrations of all drugs are expressed as the final moles per liter concentration in the control solution.
Statistical analysis.
The results of this study are expressed as means ± SE;
n refers to the number of animals. The levels of cGMP and
O
log M. The
concentration-response curves were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA
followed by Bonferroni-Dunn's post hoc test. Statistical significance
was accepted at a P value of <0.05.
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RESULTS |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Expression and localization of recombinant protein.
Expression of recombinant iNOS (109 pfu/ml) protein was
confirmed in iNOS-transduced basilar arteries by Western blot
analysis. A representative blot is shown in Fig.
1. Immunohistochemistry showed that
recombinant iNOS was localized predominantly in the adventitial layer
(Fig. 2C). In contrast,
control and -Gal-transduced vessels did not show iNOS
immunoreactivity (Fig. 2, A and B). Incubation of
arteries with lower titers of adenovirus (107 and
108 pfu/ml) did not result in detectable expression of
recombinant iNOS.
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Concentration-dependent contraction to UTP.
The concentration-response curve to UTP was significantly shifted to
the right in iNOS (109 pfu/ml)-transduced rings (Fig.
3). Maximal contraction to UTP was
significantly potentiated in arteries transduced by iNOS (Table 1). Gene transfer with lower titers of
iNOS (107 and 108 pfu/ml) did not significantly
affect vasomotor reactivity to UTP (Table 1).
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Endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin.
During contraction to UTP (3 × 106-3 × 105 M), bradykinin
(1010-106 M) caused
endothelium-dependent relaxations. L-NAME (3 × 104 M) abolished relaxations to bradykinin (data not
shown), suggesting that the effect of bradykinin was exclusively
mediated by NO. The relaxations to bradykinin in iNOS (109
pfu/ml)-transduced vessels were significantly inhibited compared with
control and -Gal-transduced rings (Fig.
4). Gene transfer with lower titers of
iNOS (107 and 108 pfu/ml) did not significantly
affect relaxations to bradykinin (Table
2). Twenty-four hours of incubation with
a 102 M concentration of tiron did not improve impaired
endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin in iNOS-transduced
arteries (33 ± 5% and 7 ± 15%, relaxation to
106 bradykinin in iNOS and iNOS plus tiron arteries,
respectively). Tiron did not affect relaxations to bradykinin in
control and -Gal-transduced arteries (71 ± 8% and 68 ± 12%, relaxation to 106 M bradykinin for -Gal and
-Gal plus tiron arteries, respectively; n = 3 dogs).
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Endothelium-independent relaxation to DEA-NONOate.
During contractions to UTP (3 × 106-3 × 105 M), DEA-NONOate
(1010-105 M) caused
concentration-dependent relaxations. The concentration-response curve
to DEA-NONOate was significantly shifted to the right in iNOS
(109 pfu/ml)-transduced rings (Fig.
5). Gene transfer with lower titers of
iNOS (107 and 108 pfu/ml) did not
significantly affect relaxations to DEA-NONOate (Table
3).
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Basal cGMP production.
Basal production of cGMP was significantly increased in iNOS
(109 pfu/ml)-transduced rings compared with control and
-Gal-transduced rings (Fig. 6; P < 0.05, n = 7).
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O2 M).
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DISCUSSION |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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This is the first study to examine the effect of recombinant iNOS on vasomotor function of cerebral arteries. After ex vivo gene transfer, morphological analysis indicated that iNOS was mostly expressed in adventitia. Expression of recombinant iNOS in canine cerebral arteries reduced contractions to UTP and attenuated relaxations to endogenous NO released from the endothelium as well as exogenous NO generated by DEA-NONOate. We also demonstrated that iNOS caused a significant increase in cGMP levels and superoxide anion production in transduced cerebral arteries.
Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were employed to confirm expression and determine localization of recombinant iNOS. As in our previous ex vivo studies, expression of recombinant iNOS was mainly localized in adventitia (5, 25, 31). Immunogold labeling and electron microscopy studies demonstrated that adventitial fibroblasts are very good target cells for expression of recombinant proteins (5, 31). Under physiological conditions, the adventitia stabilizes the vascular wall and serves to connect the blood vessel to surrounding tissue. However, in diseased arteries, adventitia can play an important role in pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction (9, 15). It is interesting that cerebral arteries do not have an external elastic lamina that separates adventitia from the smooth muscle cells. This morphological feature may enable NO released from fibroblasts to travel even longer distances within the media of cerebral arteries.
The most striking finding of the present study is that both vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses are blunted in arteries expressing recombinant iNOS in adventitia. The inhibitory effect of iNOS expression on vasoconstrictor effect is not surprising, and our findings are consistent with reported ability of recombinant iNOS to inhibit the contractile effects of phenylephrine and U-46619 (8). This finding is best explained by the increase in cGMP content in the AdiNOS-transduced vascular wall. cGMP is a well-established second messenger and mediator of vasodilator effect of NO (23), and high cGMP levels are to be expected in arteries transduced by iNOS (16). Indeed, in our previous study (1), we reported an ~10-fold increase in cGMP levels in canine basilar arteries transduced with AdeNOS and treated with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). It should be noted that, in the present study, cGMP was measured in the absence of IBMX, and this may explain the only threefold increase of cGMP detected in AdiNOS-transduced arteries. It is interesting that the absolute value of the maximal contraction to UTP was significantly augmented in iNOS-transduced arteries. At the present time, we do not have an explanation for this observation.
High NO levels produced by iNOS may also provide an explanation for the reduced reactivity of smooth muscle cells to endogenous and exogenous NO. Our results are in agreement with those obtained using eNOS transgenic mice and iNOS gene transfer in the rabbit carotid artery (8, 24). In both studies, chronic high production of NO in the arterial wall was associated with a reduced vasodilator effect of NO. It appears that the vascular system can adapt to a high local concentration of NO by downregulating the signal transduction mechanism responsible for mediation of NO-induced vasodilatation. The exact molecular mechanism underlying this adaptation after iNOS gene transfer remains to be clarified.
Besides high basal levels of cGMP in iNOS-transduced arteries, increased production of superoxide anions may provide an additional explanation for attenuation of endothelium-dependent relaxation mediated by NO and relaxation to DEA-NONOate. Inconsistent findings were reported in a previous attempt to normalize the vasomotor function of the iNOS-transduced carotid artery with superoxide dismutase (8). This is most likely due to the fact that superoxide anion reacts with NO more rapidly than with superoxide dismutase (4). Chemical antagonism between NO and superoxide is source of a potent oxidant, peroxynitrite, which can cause nitration of proteins, leading to irreversible alteration in function (2). We have also been unable to normalize the vasomotor function of iNOS-transduced arteries by a superoxide anion scavenger, tiron.
The exact source of superoxide anions in AdiNOS-transduced arteries is unknown. However, previous biochemical and pharmacological studies demonstrated that NOS itself could be a potent source of superoxide anions (35). iNOS generates superoxide anions from the reductase domain. This is in contrast to the neuronal and endothelial isoforms of NOS, which generate superoxide mostly from the oxigenase domain (21). Furthermore, iNOS-induced formation of superoxide anions occurs even in the presence of a high concentration of substrate, L-arginine (1 mM), whereas L-arginine can suppress production of superoxide anions by neuronal NOS or eNOS (35). A recent study by Huisman and colleagues demonstrated that the oxigenase domain of iNOS may also be a source of superoxide anion (10). Supplementation with a cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, reduced superoxide anion formation by iNOS, suggesting that suboptimal concentration of tetrahydrobiopterin may contribute to the iNOS-mediated production of superoxide anion (10). We did not measure tetrahydrobiopterin levels in arteries expressing recombinant iNOS, and further studies are needed to determine whether this mechanism may explain increased superoxide production in iNOS-transduced arteries.
A major limitation of the present study is that the exclusive expression of iNOS by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in normal arteries is not associated with coexpression of coordinately regulated vascular genes (20). Proinflammatory stimuli can upregulate expression of many proteins that are important for iNOS enzymatic activity or vascular effects of NO, including the L-arginine transporter and GTP cyclohydrolase I, the rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (29). It is interesting that ongoing phase I gene therapy clinical trials with iNOS have been designed to prevent coronary artery restenosis and occlusion of arterial-venous fistula (33). In both applications, inhibition of smooth muscle cells proliferation and vascular remodeling (rather than normalization of vasomotor function) of diseased blood vessels are the major therapeutic goals. Obviously, a better understanding of the natural course of endogenous iNOS expression and its function in the diseased vascular wall may help to optimize current applications and develop new therapeutic indications of recombinant iNOS. Whether under certain circumstances iNOS gene transfer may be used in the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases remains to be determined.
Ex vivo gene transfer of iNOS to cerebral arteries results in expression of functional protein, mostly in adventitia. Increased production of cGMP and superoxide anions in iNOS-transduced arteries may explain the attenuation of vasomotor function. Whether these effects of recombinant iNOS may be beneficial (or detrimental) in the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases requires further improvement in understanding of iNOS vascular biology.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We thank Leslie Smith for technical assistance and Janet Beckman for preparing the manuscript.
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FOOTNOTES |
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This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants HL-53524, HL-58080, HL-066958, and NS-37491, the American Heart Association Bugher Award for the Investigation of Stroke, and the Mayo Foundation. L. d'Uscio was the recipient of a stipend from the Swiss National Science Foundation and the American Heart Association, Northland Affiliate.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: Z. S. Katusic, Dept. of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 (E-mail: katusic.zvonimir{at}mayo.edu).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
August 22, 2002;10.1152/ajpheart.00415.2002
Received 28 May 2002; accepted in final form 19 August 2002.
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TOP
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RESULTS
DISCUSSION
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