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1 Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
2 Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States; Children's Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
3 Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
4 Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
5 Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States; Children's Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: kpritch{at}mcw.edu.
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune, connective tissue disorder characterized by impaired vascular function, increased oxidative stress, inflammation of internal organs, and impaired angiogenesis. Tight skin mice (Tsk-/+) have a defect in fibrillin-1, resulting in many of the myocardial and vascular features seen in SSc patients. D-4F is an apolipoprotein A-I mimetic that improves vascular function in diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, influenza, and sickle cell disease. Tsk-/+ were treated with either phosphate buffered saline or D-4F. Acetylcholine and flow-induced vasodilation were examined in facialis arteries. Proinflammatory HDL (p-HDL) in murine and human plasma was determined by the cell-free assay. Angiostatin levels in murine and human plasma were determined by western blot. Hearts were examined for changes in angiostatin and autoantibodies against oxidized phosphotidyl choline (ox-PC). Angiogenic potential in sections of murine hearts was assessed by an in vitro VEGF-induced endothelial cell (EC) tube formation assay. D-4F improved endothelium-, eNOS-dependent and flow-mediated vasodilation in Tsk-/+. Tsk-/+ had higher plasma p-HDL and angiostatin levels than C57BL/6 mice as did SSc patients compared to healthy control subjects. D-4F reduced p-HDL and angiostatin in the plasma of Tsk-/+. Tsk-/+ hearts contained higher levels of angiostatin and autoantibodies against ox-PC than control hearts. D-4F ablated angiostatin in Tsk-/+ hearts and reduced autoantibodies against ox-PC compared to hearts from untreated Tsk-/+. Angiogenic potential in Tsk-/+ hearts was increased when the Tsk-/+ were treated with D-4F and cultured sections of hearts from the D-4F-treated Tsk-/+were incubated with D-4F. Failure to treat the heart sections and Tsk-/+ with D-4F resulted in loss of angiogenic potential. D-4F improves vascular function, decreases myocardial inflammation, and restores angiogenic potential in the hearts of Tsk-/+. SSc patients have increased plasma p-HDL and angiostatin levels similar to the Tsk-/+, D-4F may be effective at treating vascular complications in patients with SSc.
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