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1 Department of Medicine and Care/Clinical Physiology, IMV, Linkoping, Sweden; Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, IMV/IMT, Linkoping, Sweden
2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, IMT, Linkoping, Sweden; Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, IMV/IMT, Linkoping, Sweden
3 Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: carca{at}imv.liu.se.
The mitral annulus (MA) has a complex shape and motion, and its excursion has been correlated to left ventricular (LV) function. During the cardiac cycle the annulus' excursion encompasses a volume that is part of the total LV volume change during both filling and emptying. Our objective was to evaluate the contribution of MA excursion and shape variation to total LV volume change. Nine healthy subjects aged 56±11 (mean±SD) years underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The MA was outlined in all time frames and a 4D Fourier series was fitted to the MA coordinates (3D+time) and divided into segments. The annular excursion volume (AEV) was calculated based on the temporally integrated product of the segments' area and their incremental excursion. The 3D LV volumes were calculated by tracing the endocardial border in 6 coaxial planes. The AEV (10±2 ml) represented 19±3% of the total LV stroke volume (52±12 ml). The AEV correlated strongly with LV stroke volume (r = 0.73, p<0.05). Peak MA area occurred during mid-diastole and 91±7% of reduction in area from peak to minimum occurred before the onset of LV systole. The excursion of the MA accounts for an important portion of the total LV filling and emptying in humans. These data suggest an atriogenic influence on MA physiology, and also a sphincter-like action of the MA that may facilitate ventricular filling and aid competent valve closure. This 4-dimensional TEE method is the first to allow non-invasive measurement of AEV, and may be used to investigate the impact of physiological and pathological conditions on this important aspect of LV performance.
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