AIMS: Glucosamine sulfate (GS) is a glycosaminoglycan with anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. Here we set out to explore the effect of GS administration on markers of systemic and local inflammation in rabbits with atherosclerosis aggravated by chronic arthritis. METHODS: Atherosclerosis was induced in rabbits by maintaining them on a hyperlipidemic diet after producing an endothelial lesion in the femoral arteries. Simultaneously, chronic arthritis was induced in these animals by repeated intra-articular injections of ovalbumin in previously immunized rabbits. A group of these rabbits were treated prophylactically with oral GS (500 mg/kg/day) and when the animals were sacrificed, serum was extracted and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated. Furthermore, the femoral arteries, thoracic aorta and synovial membranes were examined in gene expression studies and histologically. RESULTS: GS administration reduced circulating levels of the C-reactive protein and of IL-6. GS also lowered nuclear factor-B activation in PBMC and it down-regulated the expression of both the CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 genes in these cells. Lesions at the femoral wall were milder after GS treatment, as reflected by the intimal/media thickened ratio and the absence of aortic lesions. Indeed, GS also attenuated the histological lesions in synovial tissue. CONCLUSION: In a combined rabbit model of chronic arthritis and atherosclerosis, orally administered GS reduced the markers of inflammation in peripheral blood, as well as the femoral and synovial membrane lesions. GS also prevented the development of inflammation-associated aortic lesions. These results suggest an atheroprotective effect of GS.