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1 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rr32{at}acsu.buffalo.edu.
We have developed a model of Ca2+ handling in the ferret ventricular myocytes. This model includes a novel L-type Ca2+ channel, detailed intracellular Ca2+ movements, and graded Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). The model successfully reproduces data from voltage-clamp experiments including the voltage and time dependent changes in [Ca2+]i, ICaL inactivation and recovery kinetics, and Ca2+ sparks. The development of graded CICR is critically dependent on spatial heterogeneity and the physical arrangement of calcium channels in opposition to ryanodine sensitive release channels. The model contains spatially distinct subsystems representing the subsarcolemmal regions where the junctional SR abuts the T-tubular membrane, and where the L-type Ca2+ channels and the SR ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are localized. There are 8 different types of subsystem in our model, with between 1 and 8 L-type Ca2+ channels distributed binomially. This model exhibits graded Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and provides a quantitative description of Ca2+ dynamics not requiring Monte-Carlo simulations. Activation of RyRs and release of Ca2+ from the SR depends critically on Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channels. In turn, Ca2+ channel inactivation is critically dependent on release of stored intracellular Ca2+. Inactivation of the L-type Ca2+ current (ICaL) depends on both transmembrane voltage and the local [Ca2+]i near the channel, which results in distinctive inactivation properties. The molecular mechanisms underlying many ICaL gating properties are unclear, but [Ca2+]i dynamics clearly play a fundamental role.
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