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1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rkoehler{at}jhmi.edu.
Modified hemoglobin (Hb) solutions have been developed as O2 carrier transfusion fluids, but of concern is the possibility that increased scavenging of nitric oxide (NO) within the plasma will alter vascular reactivity even if the Hb does not readily extravasate. The effect of decreasing hematocrit from approximately 30% to 18% by an exchange transfusion of a 6% sebacyl cross-linked tetrameric Hb solution on the diameter of pial arterioles possessing tight endothelial junctions was examined through a cranial window in anesthetized cats with and without a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Superfusion of a NOS inhibitor decreased diameter, and subsequent Hb transfusion produced additional constriction that was not different from Hb transfusion alone, but was different from the dilation observed by exchange transfusion of an albumin solution after NOS inhibition. In contrast, abluminal application of the cross-linked Hb produced constriction that was attenuated by the NOS inhibitor. Neither abluminal nor intraluminal cross-linked Hb interfered with pial arteriolar dilation to cromakalim, an activator of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Pial vascular reactivity to hypocapnia and hypercapnia was unaffected by Hb transfusion. Microsphere-determined regional blood flow indicated selective decreases in perfusion after Hb transfusion in kidney, small intestine, and neurohypohysis, which does not have tight endothelial junctions. Administration of a NOS inhibitor to reduce the basal level of NO available for scavenging prior to Hb transfusion prevented further decreases in blood flow to these regions compared to NOS inhibition alone. In contrast, blood flow to skeletal and left ventricular muscle increased and cerebral blood flow was unchanged after Hb transfusion. This cross-linked Hb tetramer is known to appear in renal lymph but not in urine. We conclude that cell-free tetrameric Hb does not scavenge sufficient NO in the plasma space to significantly affect baseline tone in vascular beds with tight endothelial junctions, but does produce substantial constriction in beds with porous endothelium. The data support increasing the molecular size of Hb by polymerization or conjugation to limit extravasation in all vascular beds in order to preserve normal vascular reactivity.
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