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1 Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: pollard{at}crml.uab.edu.
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that analyses of central interstitial potential differences recorded during distributed stimulation with a set of interstitial electrodes provides sufficient data for accurate measurement of cardiac micro-impedances. On theoretical grounds, interstitial current injected and removed using electrodes in close proximity does not cross the membrane, while equilibration of intracellular and interstitial potentials occurs distant from electrodes widely separated. Distributing interstitial stimulation electrodes should therefore give rise to interstitial potential differences recorded centrally that depend on intracellular and interstitial micro-impedances, allowing independent measurement. Simulations of distributed stimulation with fine (25 µm) and wide (400 µm) spacing in one-dimensional models that included Luo-Rudy dynamic membrane equations were performed. Constant interstitial and intracellular micro-impedances were prescribed for initial analyses. Discrete myoplasmic and gap junctional components were prescribed intracellularly in later simulations. With constant micro-impedances, distributed stimulation using 29 total electrode combinations allowed interstitial and intracellular micro-impedance measurements at errors of 0.30% and 0.34%, respectively, with errors of 0.05% and 0.40% achieved using 6 combinations and 10 total electrodes. With discrete myoplasmic and junctional components, comparable accuracy was maintained following adjustments to the junctions to reflect uncoupling. This allowed uncoupling to be quantified as relative increases in total junctional resistance. Our findings suggest development of microfabricated devices to implement the procedure would facilitate routine measurement as a component of cardiac electrophysiologic study.
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