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1 Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States
2 Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
3 Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
4 Dept. of Applied Physics and Chemistry, Univ.of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
5 Department of Kinesiology & Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: poole{at}vet.k-state.edu.
Microcirculatory red blood cell (RBC) hemodynamics are impaired within skeletal muscle of Type I diabetic rats (Kindig et al., Respir Physiol 111: 163-175, 1998). Whether muscle microcirculatory dysfunction occurs in Type II diabetes, the more prevalent form of the disease, is unknown. We hypothesized that Type II diabetes would reduce the proportion of capillaries supporting continuous RBC flow and RBC hemodynamics within the spinotrapezius muscle of the Goto-Kakizaki Type II diabetic rat (GK). Using intravital microscopy, muscle capillary diameter (dc, capillary lineal density, capillary tube hematocrit (Hcttube), and RBC flux (FRBC) and velocity (VRBC) were measured in healthy male Wistar (CON: n = 5, blood glucose, 105 ± 5 mg/dl) and male GK (n = 7, blood glucose, 263 ± 64 mg/dl) rats under resting conditions. Mean arterial pressure did not differ between groups (P 
0.05). Sarcomere length was set to a physiological length (~2.7 µm) to ensure that muscle stretching did not alter capillary hemodynamics. dc was not different between CON vs. GK (P 0.05), but the percentage of RBC-perfused capillaries (CON: 93 ± 3; GK: 66 ± 5 %), Hcttube, VRBC, FRBC, and O2 delivery per unit muscle were all decreased in GK (all P 
0.05). This study indicates that Type II diabetes reduces both convective O2 delivery and diffusive O2 transport properties within the skeletal muscle microcirculation. If these microcirculatory deficits are present during exercise, it may provide a basis for the reduced O2 exchange characteristic of Type II diabetic patients.
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  R. C. Davies, R. G. Eston, D. C. Poole, A. V. Rowlands, F. DiMenna, D. P. Wilkerson, C. Twist, and A. M. Jones Effect of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on the dynamics of muscle oxygenation and pulmonary oxygen uptake J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2008; 105(5): 1413 - 1421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. Poole, M. D. Brown, and O. Hudlicka Counterpoint: There is not capillary recruitment in active skeletal muscle during exercise J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2008; 104(3): 891 - 893. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Rebuttal from Drs. Clark, Rattigan, Barrett, and Vincent J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2008; 104(3): 893 - 893. [Full Text] [PDF]
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