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1-OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS IS MEDIATED BY iNOS
1 Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Louisville, KY, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rbolli{at}louisville.edu.
Although ischemia-induced late preconditioning (PC) is known to be mediated by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), the role of this enzyme in pharmacologically-induced late PC remains unclear. We tested whether targeted disruption of the iNOS gene abrogates late PC elicited by three structurally different NO donors (diethylenetriamine/NO [DETA/NO], nitroglycerin [NTG], and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine [SNAP]), an adenosine A1 receptor agonist (2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [CCPA]), and a 
1-opioid receptor agonist (TAN-670). Mice were subjected to a 30-min coronary occlusion (O) and 24 h of reperfusion (R). In iNOS-/- mice, infarct size was similar to wild-type (WT) controls, indicating that iNOS does not modulate infarct size in the absence of PC. Pretreatment of WT mice with DETA/NO, NTG, SNAP, TAN-670, or CCPA 24 h prior to coronary occlusion markedly reduced infarct size. In iNOS-/-, however, the late PC effect elicited by DETA/NO, NTG, SNAP, TAN-670, and CCPA was completely abrogated. Furthermore, in WT mice pretreated with TAN-670 or CCPA, the selective iNOS inhibitor 1400W also abolished the delayed PC properties of these drugs. 1400W had no effect in WT mice. These data demonstrate that iNOS plays an obligatory role in NO donor-induced, adenosine A1 receptor agonist-induced, and 1-opioid receptor agonist-induced late PC, underscoring the critical role of this enzyme as a common mediator of cardiac adaptations to stress.
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