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Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol (September 8, 2006). doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00443.2006
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Submitted on May 3, 2006
Accepted on September 5, 2006

Arterial pressure transfer characteristics: effects of travel time

Berend E. Westerhof1*, Ilja Guelen1, Wim J. Stok2, Karel H Wesseling1, Jos A. E. Spaan3, Nico Westerhof4, Willem Jan Bos5, and Nikos Stergiopulos6

1 Cardiovascular monitoring, BMEYE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
2 Dept of Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NH, Netherlands
3 Department of Medical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Netherlands
4 Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
5 Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
6 Institute for Biomedical Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: berend.westerhof{at}bmeye.com.

We investigated the quantitative contribution of all local conduit arterial, blood, and distal load properties to the pressure transfer function from brachial artery to aorta. The model was based on anatomical data, Young's modulus, wall viscosity, blood viscosity and blood density. A three-element Windkessel represented the distal arterial tree. Sensitivity analysis was performed in terms of frequency and magnitude of the peak of the transfer function and in terms of systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure in the aorta. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) described the accuracy in wave shape prediction. The percent change of these variables for a 25% alteration of each of the model parameters was calculated. Vessel length and diameter are found to be the most important parameters determining pressure transfer. Systolic and diastolic pressure changed less than 3% and RMSE smaller than 1.8 mmHg for a 25% change in vessel length and diameter. To investigate how arterial tapering influences the pressure transfer, a single uniform lossless tube was modeled. This simplification introduced only small errors in systolic and diastolic pressures (1% and 0%); wave shape was less well described (RMSE ~ 2.1 mmHg). Local (arm) vasodilation affects the transfer function little, because it has limited effect on the reflection coefficient. Since vessel length and diameter translate into travel time this parameter can describe the transfer accurately. We suggest that with a, preferably noninvasively measured, travel time, an accurate individualized description of pressure transfer can be obtained.







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