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1 Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
2 Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Alborg, Denmark
3 Department of Medicine, Skejby Syghus, Aarhus, Denmark
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gkassab{at}uci.edu.
There is no doubt that the transformation of a cardiac catheter into a conductance catheter that allows reliable and accurate assessment of lumen cross-sectional area (CSA) will provide a powerful diagnostic and treatment tool for the invasive cardiologist. The objective of this study was to develop a method based on the impedance catheter that allows accurate and reproducible measurements of CSA for medium size vessels (e.g., coronary, femoral and carotid artery). Two solutions of NaCl (0.5% and 1.5%) with known conductivities were injected directly into the lumen of the artery in eight swine. We showed that the CSA can be determined analytically from two Ohm's law type algebraic equations that account for the parallel conductance of the current into the surrounding tissue. Excellent agreement was found between the conductance catheter using the proposed two-injection method and B-mode ultrasound (US). The root mean square error for the impedance measurements was 4.8% of the mean US diameter. The repeatability of the technique was assessed using duplicate measurements. The mean of the difference between the two measurements was nearly zero and the repeatability coefficient was within 2.4% of the mean of the two measurements. The validated method was used to assess the degree of acute vasodilatation of the vessel in response to flow-overload.
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