Submitted on May 18, 2007
Accepted on July 10, 2007
A Canine Model of Septic Shock:
Balancing Animal Welfare and Scientific Relevance
Peter C Minneci1, Katherine J Deans1, Bernie Hansen2, Chris Romines1, Chantal Parent3, Denise A Gonzales1, Sai-Xai Ying4, Peter Munson4, Anthony F Suffredini1, Jing Feng1, Michael A. Solomon1, Steven M Banks1, Steve J Kern1, Robert L Danner1, Peter Q. Eichacker1, Charles Natanson1, and Steven B. Solomon1*
1 Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
2 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
3 Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, 20814, Maryland, United States
4 Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ssolomon{at}cc.nih.gov.
A shock canine pneumonia model that permitted relief of discomfort using objective criteria was developed and validated. After intrabronchial S. aureus challenge, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, fluids, vasopressors, sedatives and analgesics were titrated based on algorithms for 96 h. Increasing S. aureus (1 to 8 x 109 cfu/kg) produced decreasing survival rates (p = 0.04). From 4 to 96 h, changes in arterial-alveolar oxygen gradients, mean pulmonary artery pressures, interleukin-1, serum sodium levels, mechanical ventilation and vasopressor support were ordered based on survival time [acute nonsurvivors (
24 h, n = 8) 
subacute nonsurvivors (24 to 96 h, n = 8) survivors (96 h, n = 22) (all p < 0.05)]. In the first 12 h, increases in lactate and renal abnormalities were greatest in acute nonsurvivors (all p < 0.05). Compared to survivors, subacute nonsurvivors had greater rises in cytokines, liver enzymes and greater falls in platelets, white cell counts, pH, and urine output from 24 to 96 h (all p < 0.05). Importantly, these changes were not attributable to dosages of sedation which decreased in nonsurvivors (survivors: 5.0 ± 1.0 vs. nonsurvivors: 3.8 ±0.7 ml/h/(fentanyl/midazolam/medetomidine); p = 0.02). In this model, the pain control regimen did not mask changes in metabolic function and lung injury or the need for more hemodynamic and pulmonary support related to increasing severity of sepsis. The integration into this model of both specific and supportive titrated therapies routinely used in septic patients may provide a more realistic setting to evaluate therapies for sepsis.
