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1 Mechanical Engineering; Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
2 Bioengineering, Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
3 Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
4 Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Department of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
5 Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rupak.banerjee{at}uc.edu.
Hemodynamic analysis was conducted to get uncertainty in clinical measurements of coronary flow reserve (CFR) and fractional flow reserve (FFR) over the patho-physiological conditions in a patient group with coronary artery disease during angioplasty. The vasodilation-distal perfusion pressure curve (CFR-prh) was obtained for two guidewire sizes 0.35 mm and 0.46 mm. Our hypothesis is that a guidewire spanning the lesions elevates the pressure gradient and reduces the flow during hyperemic measurements. The patient group maximal CFR-prh was uniquely determined by the intersections of measured values of CFR and calculated values of prh for the native and residual epicardial, without microvascular disease, lesions during angioplasty. Extrapolation of the linear curve gave a zero-coronary flow mean pressure pzf of ~20 mmHg and, corresponding value of prh of 55 mmHg in the native lesions that coincided with the level that causes ischemia in human hearts. On this linear curve, values of CFR and FFRmyo (under patho-physiological condition), and CFRg and FFRmyog (in the presence of guidewire) were obtained in native and residual lesions. A strong linear correlation was found between CFR and CFRg (0.46 mm:CFR = CFRgx0.689 + 1.271 (R2=0.99); 0.35 mm:CFR = CFRgx0.757 + 1.004 (R2=0.99)), and between FFRmyo and FFRmyog (0.46 mm:FFRmyo = FFRmyogx0.737 + 0.263 (R2=0.99); 0.35 mm:FFRmyo = FFRmyogx0.790 + 0.210 (R2=0.99)). This study establishes a strong correlation between CFR and CFRg and, between FFRmyo and FFRmyog which could be used to obtain the true state of occlusion in the coronary artery during angioplasty.
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