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1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
2 Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
3 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Biophysics, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dcm{at}stanford.edu.
Laminar, or sheet, architecture of the left ventricle (LV) is a structural basis for normal systolic
and diastolic LV dynamics, but transmural sheet orientations remain incompletely characterized. We
directly measured the transmural distribution of sheet angles in the ovine anterolateral LV wall. Ten
Dorsett-hybrid sheep hearts were perfusion-fixed in situ with 5% buffered glutaraldehyde at end-diastole
and stored in 10% formalin. Transmural blocks of myocardial tissue were excised with the edges cut
parallel to local circumferential, longitudinal, and radial axes and sliced into 1-mm thick sections parallel
to the epicardial tangent plane from epicardium to endocardium. Mean fiber directions were determined
in each section from five measurements of fiber angles. Each section was then cut transverse to the fiber
direction, and five sheet angles (
) were measured and averaged. Mean fiber angles progressed nearly
linearly from -41 ± 11° at the epicardium to +42 ± 16° at the endocardium. Two families of sheets were identified at approximately +45° (+) and -45° (-). In the lateral region (n=5), near the epicardium, sheets belonged to the + family; in the midwall, to the - family; and near the endocardium, to the + family. This pattern was reversed in the basal anterior region (n=4). Sheets were uniformly - over the anterior papillary muscle (n=2). These direct measurements of sheet angles reveal, for the first time, alternating transmural families of predominant sheet angles. This may have important implications in understanding wall mechanics in both the normal and failing heart.
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