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1 Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
2 Biomedical Engineering, SL-174, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gkassab{at}iupui.edu.
We have previously simulated the pulsatile blood flow throughout the coronary arterial tree using a frequency-domain Womersley-type model. Although this model represents a good approximation for the smaller vessels, it does not take into account the nonlinear convective energy losses in larger vessels. Here, we present a hybrid model that considers the non-linear effects for the larger epicardial arteries while simulating the distal vessels (down to the first capillary segments) using Womersley's theory. The main trunk and primary branches were discretized and modeled with one-dimensional (1-D) Navier-Stokes equations while the smaller diameter vessels were treated as Womersley-type vessels. Energy losses associated with vessel bifurcations were incorporated in the present analysis. The formulation enables the prediction of the impedance, the pressure distribution, and the pulsatile flow distribution throughout the entire coronary arterial tree down to the first capillary segments in the arrested, vasodilated state. It was found that the nonlinear convective term is negligible and the loss of energy at bifurcation is small in the larger epicardial vessels of an arrested heart. Furthermore, we found that the flow waves along the trunk or at the primary branches tend to scale (normalized with respect to their mean values) to a single curve except for a small phase angle difference. Finally, the model predictions for the inlet pressure and flow waves are in excellent agreement with previously published experimental results. This hybrid 1-D/Womersley model is an efficient approach that captures the essence of the hemodynamics of a complex large scale vascular network. The present model has numerous applications to understanding the dynamics of coronary circulation.
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