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-InducedMonocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Gene Expression in Endothelial Cells: Up-regulation by Oscillatory Flow
1 Discovery Research, AtheroGenics, Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: xchen{at}atherogenics.com.
Atherosclerosis is a focal inflammatory disease and preferentially occurs in areas of low fluid shear stress and oscillatory flow, whereas the risk of atherosclerosis is decreased in regions of high fluid shear stress and steady laminar flow. Sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1)
catalyzes the conversion of sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a sphingolipid metabolite that plays important roles in angiogenesis, inflammation and cell growth. In the present study, we demonstrated that exposure of human aortic endothelial cells to oscillatory flow (shear stress = ± 5 dyn/cm2 for 48 hrs) resulted in a marked increase in SphK1 mRNA levels compared to EC kept in static culture. In contrast, laminar flow
(shear stress = +20 dyn/cm2 for 48 hrs) decreased SphK1 mRNA levels. We further investigated the role of SphK1 in TNF-
-induced expression of inflammatory genes such as MCP-1 and VCAM-1 by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) specifically for SphK1. Treatment of endothelial cells with SphK1 siRNA suppressed TNF- -induced increase in MCP-1 mRNA levels, MCP-1 protein secretion and activation of p38 MAP kinase. SphK1
siRNA also inhibited TNF--induced cell surface expression of VCAM-1, but not ICAM- 1, protein. Exposure of endothelial cells to S1P led to an increase in MCP-1 protein
secretion and MCP-1 mRNA levels, and activation of NF-
B-mediated transcriptional activity. Treatment of endothelial cells with the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580
suppressed S1P-induced MCP-1 protein secretion. These data suggest that SphK1 mediates TNF- induced MCP-1 gene expression through a p38 MAP kinase dependent
pathway and may participate in oscillatory flow mediated pro-inflammatory signaling pathway in the vasculature.
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