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1 Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States; Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
2 Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: evas{at}bcm.tmc.edu.
Functional lymphatic imaging was demonstrated in the abdomen and anterior hindlimb of anesthetized, intact Yorkshire swine using near-infrared fluorescence imaging following intradermal administration of 100 to 200µL of 32 µM indocyanine green (ICG) and 64 µM hyualuronan near-infrared (NIR) imaging conjugate to target the LYVE-1 receptor on the lymph endothelium. Near infrared fluorescence imaging employed illumination of 780 nm excitation light (~ 2 mW/cm2) and collection of 830 nm fluorescence generated from the imaging agents. Our results show the ability to image the immediate trafficking of ICG from the plexus, through the vessels and lymphangions, and to the superficial mammary, subiliac, and middle iliac lymph nodes which were located as deep as 3 cm beneath the tissue surface. ICG in form of packets transited lymph vessels of 2 to 16 cm length, propelled at frequencies of 0.5 to 3.3 pulses per minute and velocities of 0.23 to 0.75 cm/s. Lymph propulsion was independent of respiration rate. In the case of the hyaluronan imaging agent, lymph propulsion was absent as the dye progressed immediately through the plexus and stained the lymph vessels and nodes. Lymph imaging required 5.0 and 11.9 micrograms of ICG and hyaluronan conjugate, respectively. Our results suggest that microgram quantities of NIR optical imaging agents and their conjugates have a potential to image lymph function in patients suffering from lymph related disorders.
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