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1 Deparment of Chemical Engineering, Imperial Collge London, London, United Kingdom
2 National Heart and Lung Institute, International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
3 London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: nanfeng.sun{at}imperial.ac.uk.
The accumulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is recognised as one of the main contributors in atherogenesis. Mathematical models have been constructed to simulate mass transport in large arteries and the consequent lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. The objective of this study was to investigate the influences of wall shear stress (WSS) and transmural pressure on LDL accumulation in the arterial wall by a multi-layered, coupled lumen-wall model. The model employs the Navier-Stokes equations and Darcy's Law for fluid dynamics, convection-diffusion-reaction equations for mass balance, and Kedem-Katchalsky equations for interfacial coupling. To determine physiologically realistic model parameters, an optimization approach that searches optimal parameters based on experimental data was developed. Two sets of model parameters corresponding to different transmural pressures were found by the optimization approach using experimental data in the literature. Furthermore, a shear-dependent hydraulic conductivity relation reported previously was adopted. The integrated multi-layered model was applied to an axisymmetric stenosis simulating an idealised, mildly stenosed coronary artery. The results show that low WSS leads to focal LDL accumulation by weakening the convective clearance effect of transmural flow; whereas high transmural pressure, associated with hypertension, leads to global elevation of LDL concentration in the arterial wall by facilitating the passage of LDL through wall layers.
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