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1 Cardiology, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States
2 Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, United States
3 Cardiovascular Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dkhoury{at}tmhs.org.
Multiple imaging modalities are employed independent of one another while managing complex cardiac arrhythmias. To combine electrical, anatomical, and functional imaging in a single catheter system, we developed a balloon catheter that carried 64 electrodes on its surface and an intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) catheter through a central lumen. The catheter system was inserted and the balloon inflated inside the left ventricle (LV) of 8 dogs with 6-wk old infarction, created by occlusion in left anterior descending coronary artery. Anatomy was constructed by ICE imaging (9 MHz) through the balloon. Single-beat noncontact mapping (NCM) was performed via the multielectrode array to reconstruct unipolar endocardial electrograms during sinus rhythm. Standard contact endocardial electroanatomic mapping (CM) was also carried out for reference. Myocardial infarction in anterior LV extending from middle to apical regions was localized both by ICE and NCM, and validated by CM and pathology. The overall difference in activation times between NCM and CM was 3±1 ms. Unipolar voltage in infarcted middle anterior LV was smaller than voltage in normal middle inferior LV both by NCM (11±4 vs. 16±3 mV, p=0.002) and CM (11±3 vs. 20±4 mV, p<0.001). Unipolar voltage was also inversely related to infract transmurality, both by NCM (r=-0.87, p=0.005) and CM (r=-0.94, p<0.001). Infarct area by ICE (7.7±2.9 cm2) was in agreement with CM (bipolar voltage, <1 mV; area, 7.6±3.3 cm2); r=0.80, p=0.016. Meanwhile, the voltage threshold that depicted infarct area by NCM was directly related to the smallest unipolar voltage reconstructed within the infarct (r=0.96, p<0.001). In conclusion, combining NCM and ICE imaging in a single catheter system is feasible. Preclinical development of such an integrated system and its evaluation in experimental myocardial infarction demonstrate capabilities for single-beat mapping at multiple sites as well as online assessment of anatomy and myocardial function.
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