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-myosin heavy
chain promoter activity
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Research Institute, New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York 11030
Contractile activity of the cardiac
myocyte is required for maintaining cell mass and phenotype, including
expression of the cardiac-specific
-myosin heavy chain (
-MHC)
gene. An E-box hemodynamic response element (HME) located at position
47 within the
-MHC promoter is both necessary and sufficient to
confer contractile responsiveness to the gene and has been shown to
bind upstream stimulatory factor-1 (USF1). When studied in
spontaneously contracting cardiac myocytes, there is enhanced binding
of USF1 to the HME compared with quiescent cells, which correlates with
a threefold increase in
-MHC promoter activity. A molecular
mechanism by which contractile function modulates
-MHC
transcriptional activity may involve signaling via phosphorylation of
USF1. The present studies showed that purified rat USF1 was
phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase C (PKC) and cAMP-dependent
protein kinase (PKA) but not casein kinase II. Phosphorylated USF1 by
either PKC or PKA had increased DNA binding activity to the HME.
PKC-mediated phosphorylation also leads to the formation of USF1
multimers as assessed by gel shift assay. Analysis of in vivo
phosphorylated nuclear proteins from cultured ventricular myocytes
showed that USF1 was phosphorylated, and resolution by two-dimensional
gel electrophoresis identified at least two distinct phosphorylated USF1 molecules. These results suggest that endogenous kinases can
covalently modify USF1 and provide a potential molecular mechanism by
which the contractile stimulus mediates changes in myocyte gene transcription.
ventricular myocytes; contractile activity; protein kinase C; cAMP-dependent protein kinase; E-box
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