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Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30308-2225
Submitted 9 December 2002 ; accepted in final form 27 March 2003
Ischemic preconditioning (Pre-con) is an adaptive response triggered by a
brief ischemia applied before a prolonged coronary occlusion. We tested the
hypothesis that repetitive ischemia applied during early reperfusion, i.e.,
postconditioning (Post-con), is cardio-protective by attenuating reperfusion
injury. In anesthetized open-chest dogs, the left anterior descending artery
(LAD) was occluded for 60 min and reperfused for 3 h. In controls (n
= 10), there was no intervention. In Pre-con (n = 9), the LAD was
occluded for 5 min and reperfused for 10 min before the prolonged occlusion.
In Post-con (n = 10), at the start of reperfusion, three cycles of
30-s reperfusion and 30-s LAD reocclusion preceded the 3 h of reperfusion.
Infarct size was significantly less in the Pre-con (15 ± 2%, P
< 0.05) and Post-con (14 ± 2%, P < 0.05) groups compared
with controls (25 ± 3%). Tissue edema (% water content) in the area at
risk was comparably reduced in Pre-con (78.3 ± 1.2, P <
0.05) and Post-con (79.7 ± 0.6, P < 0.05) versus controls
(81.5 ± 0.4). Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) accumulation
(myeloperoxidase activity,
absorbance·min–1·g
tissue–1) in the area at risk myocardium was
comparably reduced in Post-con (10.8 ± 5.5, P < 0.05) and
Pre-con (13.4 ± 3.4, P < 0.05) versus controls (47.4
± 15.3). Basal endothelial function measured by PMN adherence to
postischemic LAD endothelium (PMNs/mm2) was comparably attenuated
by Post-con and Pre-con (15 ± 0.6 and 12 ± 0.6, P <
0.05) versus controls (37 ± 1.5), consistent with reduced expression of
P-selectin on coronary vascular endothelium in Post-con and Pre-con.
Endothelial function assessed by the maximal vasodilator response of
postischemic LAD to acetylcholine was significantly greater in Post-con (104
± 6%, P < 0.05) and Pre-con (109 ± 5%, P
< 0.05) versus controls (71 ± 8%). Plasma malondialdehyde
(µM/ml), a product of lipid peroxidation, was significantly less at 1 h of
reperfusion in Post-con (2.2 ± 0.2, P < 0.05) versus
controls (3.2 ± 0.3) associated with a decrease in superoxide levels
revealed by dihydroethidium staining in the myocardial area at risk. These
data suggest that Post-con is as effective as Pre-con in reducing infarct size
and preserving endothelial function. Post-con may be clinically applicable in
coronary interventions, coronary artery bypass surgery, organ transplantation,
and peripheral revascularization where reperfusion injury is expressed.
infarct size; neutrophils
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