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Effect of fitness on arm vascular and metabolic responses to upper body exercise

Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Department of Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark

Submitted 23 October 2003 ; accepted in final form 16 December 2003

We investigated arm perfusion and metabolism during upper body exercise. Eight average, fit subjects and seven rowers, mean ± SE maximal oxygen uptake (O_{2 max}) 157 ± 7 and 223 ± 14 ml O₂· kg^–0.73·min^–1, respectively, performed incremental arm cranking to exhaustion. Arm blood flow (ABF) was measured with thermodilution and arm muscle mass was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. During maximal arm cranking, pulmonary O₂ was 45% higher in the rowers compared with the untrained subjects and peak ABF was 6.44 ± 0.40 and 4.55 ± 0.26 l/min, respectively (P < 0.05). The arm muscle mass for the rowers and the untrained subjects was 3.5 ± 0.4 and 3.3 ± 0.1 kg, i.e., arm perfusion was 1.9 ± 0.2 and 1.4 ± 0.1 l blood·kg^–1·min^–1, respectively (P < 0.05). The arteriovenous O₂ difference was 156 ± 7 and 120 ± 8 ml/l, respectively, and arm O₂ was 0.98 ± 0.08 and 0.60 ± 0.04 l/min corresponding with 281 ± 22 and 181 ± 12 ml/kg, while arm O₂ diffusional conductance was 49.9 ± 4.3 and 18.6 ± 3.2 ml·min^–1·mmHg^–1, respectively (P < 0.05). Also, lactate release in the rowers was almost three times higher than in the untrained subjects (26.4 ± 1.1 vs. 9.5 ± 0.4 mmol/min, P < 0.05). The energy requirement of an 50% larger arm work capacity after long-term arm endurance training is covered by an 60% increase in aerobic metabolism and an almost tripling of the anaerobic capacity.

arm exercise; blood pressure; lactate; oxygen diffusion; oxygen uptake