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This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 290/6/H2633    most recent 00884.2005v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (9) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Matiukas, A. Articles by Loew, L. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Matiukas, A. Articles by Loew, L. M.

INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY

New near-infrared optical probes of cardiac electrical activity

¹Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; ²Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut; and ³Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania

Submitted 18 August 2005 ; accepted in final form 30 November 2005

Styryl voltage-sensitive dyes (e.g., di-4-ANEPPS) have been widely and successfully used as probes for mapping membrane potential changes in cardiac cells and tissues. However, their utility has been somewhat limited because their excitation wavelengths have been restricted to the 450- to 550-nm range. Longer excitation/emission wavelength probes can minimize interference from endogenous chromophores and, because of decreased light scattering and lower absorption by endogenous chromophores, improve recording from deeper tissue layers. In this article, we report efforts to develop new potentiometric styryl dyes that have excitation wavelengths ranging above 700 nm and emission spectra extending to 900 nm. Three dyes for cardiac optical mapping were investigated in depth from several hundred dyes containing 47 variants of the styryl chromophores. Absorbance and emission spectra in ethanol and multilamellar vesicles, as well as voltage-dependent spectral changes in a model lipid bilayer, have been recorded for these dyes. Optical action potentials were recorded in typical cardiac tissues (rat, guinea pig, pig) and compared with those of di-4-ANEPPS. The voltage sensitivities of the fluorescence of these new potentiometric indicators are as good as those of the widely used ANEP series of probes. In addition, because of molecular engineering of the chromophore, the new dyes provide a wide range of dye loading and washout time constants. These dyes will enable a series of new experiments requiring the optical probing of thick and/or blood-perfused cardiac tissues.

voltage-sensitive dye; absorbance spectrum; optical action potential; loading and washout dynamics

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