AJP - Heart and Circulatory Physiology -- Table of Contents (July 1 2008, 295 [1])

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CALL FOR PAPERS:

Karl D. Pendergrass, Nancy T. Pirro, Brian M. Westwood, Carlos M. Ferrario, K. Bridget Brosnihan, and Mark C. Chappell: Sex differences in circulating and renal angiotensins of hypertensive mRen(2).Lewis but not normotensive Lewis rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H10-H20, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01277.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

EDITORIAL FOCUS:

Massimo Pagani and Daniela Lucini: Cardiovascular physiology, emotions, and clinical applications: are we ready for prime time?
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1-H3, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00493.2008 [Full Text] [PDF]

Megan L. Krajewski, Lewis L. Hsu, and Mark T. Gladwin: The proverbial chicken or the egg? Dissection of the role of cell-free hemoglobin versus reactive oxygen species in sickle cell pathophysiology
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H4-H7, 2008. First published May 23, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00499.2008 [Full Text] [PDF]

Arthur A. M. Wilde and Ruben Coronel: The complexity of genotype-phenotype relations associated with loss-of-function sodium channel mutations and the role of in silico studies
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H8-H9, 2008. First published May 23, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00494.2008 [Full Text] [PDF]

TRANSLATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY:

Julio Alvarez, Alain Coulombe, Olivier Cazorla, Mehmet Ugur, Jean-Michel Rauzier, Janos Magyar, Eve-Lyne Mathieu, Guylain Boulay, Rafael Souto, Patrice Bideaux, Guillermo Salazar, François Rassendren, Alain Lacampagne, Jérémy Fauconnier, and Guy Vassort: ATP/UTP activate cation-permeable channels with TRPC3/7 properties in rat cardiomyocytes
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H21-H28, 2008. First published May 23, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00135.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

ARTICLES:

Marcus Henze, Davin Hart, Allen Samarel, John Barakat, Laurie Eckert, and Karie Scrogin: Persistent alterations in heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, and anxiety-like behaviors during development of heart failure in the rat
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H29-H38, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01373.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Dhananjay K. Kaul, Xiaoqin Zhang, Trisha Dasgupta, and Mary E. Fabry: Arginine therapy of transgenic-knockout sickle mice improves microvascular function by reducing non-nitric oxide vasodilators, hemolysis, and oxidative stress
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H39-H47, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00162.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Markéta Bébarová, Tom O'Hara, Jan L. M. C. Geelen, Roselie J. Jongbloed, Carl Timmermans, Yvonne H. Arens, Luz-Maria Rodriguez, Yoram Rudy, and Paul G. A. Volders: Subepicardial phase 0 block and discontinuous transmural conduction underlie right precordial ST-segment elevation by a SCN5A loss-of-function mutation
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H48-H58, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.91495.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supplemental Figures]

Reuben Howden, Eric Liu, Laura Miller-DeGraff, Heather L. Keener, Christopher Walker, James A. Clark, Page H. Myers, D. Clay Rouse, Tim Wiltshire, and Steven R. Kleeberger: The genetic contribution to heart rate and heart rate variability in quiescent mice
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H59-H68, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00941.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Souad Belmadani, Mourad Zerfaoui, Hamid A. Boulares, Desiree I. Palen, and Khalid Matrougui: Microvessel vascular smooth muscle cells contribute to collagen type I deposition through ERK1/2 MAP kinase, ${alpha}$ vβ₃-integrin, and TGF-β1 in response to ANG II and high glucose
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H69-H76, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00341.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Rukhsana Gul, Seon-Young Kim, Kwang-Hyun Park, Byung-Ju Kim, Se-Jin Kim, Mie-Jae Im, and Uh-Hyun Kim: A novel signaling pathway of ADP-ribosyl cyclase activation by angiotensin II in adult rat cardiomyocytes
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H77-H88, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01355.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Nitin T. Aggarwal, Kathryn M. Gauthier, and William B. Campbell: 15-Lipoxygenase metabolites contribute to age-related reduction in acetylcholine-induced hypotension in rabbits
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H89-H96, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00054.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Donglin Guo, Lindon Young, Chinmay Patel, Zhen Jiao, Ying Wu, Tengxian Liu, Peter R. Kowey, and Gan-Xin Yan: Calcium-activated chloride current contributes to action potential alternations in left ventricular hypertrophy rabbit
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H97-H104, 2008. First published April 25, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01032.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Hiromutsu Tominaga, Hideki Katoh, Keiichi Odagiri, Yasuyo Takeuchi, Hirotaka Kawashima, Masao Saotome, Tsuyoshi Urushida, Hiroshi Satoh, and Hideharu Hayashi: Different effects of palmitoyl-L-carnitine and palmitoyl-CoA on mitochondrial function in rat ventricular myocytes
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H105-H112, 2008. First published May 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01307.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Rosa Mazza, Alfonsina Gattuso, Cinzia Mannarino, Bhawanjit K. Brar, Sandra Francesca Barbieri, Bruno Tota, and Sushil K. Mahata: Catestatin (chromogranin A_344-364) is a novel cardiosuppressive agent: inhibition of isoproterenol and endothelin signaling in the frog heart
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H113-H122, 2008. First published May 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00172.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Dean L. Kellogg, Jr., Joan L. Zhao, and Yubo Wu: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase control mechanisms in the cutaneous vasculature of humans in vivo
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H123-H129, 2008. First published May 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00082.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Song-Jung Kim, Maha Abdellatif, Sharat Koul, and George J. Crystal: Chronic treatment with insulin-like growth factor I enhances myocyte contraction by upregulation of Akt-SERCA2a signaling pathway
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H130-H135, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00298.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Motoyuki Iemitsu, Nobutake Shimojo, Seiji Maeda, Yoko Irukayama-Tomobe, Satoshi Sakai, Takeshi Ohkubo, Yukihisa Tanaka, and Takashi Miyauchi: The benefit of medium-chain triglyceride therapy on the cardiac function of SHRs is associated with a reversal of metabolic and signaling alterations
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H136-H144, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01417.2006 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Paul D. Chantler, Vojtech Melenovsky, Steven P. Schulman, Gary Gerstenblith, Lewis C. Becker, Luigi Ferrucci, Jerome L. Fleg, Edward G. Lakatta, and Samer S. Najjar: The sex-specific impact of systolic hypertension and systolic blood pressure on arterial-ventricular coupling at rest and during exercise
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H145-H153, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01179.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. M. Cordeiro, M. Mazza, R. Goodrow, N. Ulahannan, C. Antzelevitch, and J. M. Di Diego: Functionally distinct sodium channels in ventricular epicardial and endocardial cells contribute to a greater sensitivity of the epicardium to electrical depression
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H154-H162, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01327.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Daming Zhuang, Qinghua Pu, Bogdan Ceacareanu, Yingzi Chang, Madhulika Dixit, and Aviv Hassid: Chronic insulin treatment amplifies PDGF-induced motility in differentiated aortic smooth muscle cells by suppressing the expression and function of PTP1B
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H163-H173, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01105.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Katherine A. Radek, Elizabeth J. Kovacs, Richard L. Gallo, and Luisa A. DiPietro: Acute ethanol exposure disrupts VEGF receptor cell signaling in endothelial cells
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H174-H184, 2008. First published May 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00699.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

John J. Lehman, Sihem Boudina, Natasha Hausler Banke, Nandakumar Sambandam, Xianlin Han, Deanna M. Young, Teresa C. Leone, Richard W. Gross, E. Douglas Lewandowski, E. Dale Abel, and Daniel P. Kelly: The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 ${alpha}$ is essential for maximal and efficient cardiac mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and lipid homeostasis
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H185-H196, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00081.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Tammo Delhaas, Wilco Kroon, Wim Decaluwe, Mirjam Rubbens, Peter Bovendeerd, and Theo Arts: Structure and torsion of the normal and situs inversus totalis cardiac left ventricle. I. Experimental data in humans
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H197-H201, 2008. First published April 25, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00876.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Wilco Kroon, Tammo Delhaas, Peter Bovendeerd, and Theo Arts: Structure and torsion in the normal and situs inversus totalis cardiac left ventricle. II. Modeling cardiac adaptation to mechanical load
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H202-H210, 2008. First published April 18, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00877.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Ana Paula C. Davel, Livia E. Fukuda, Larissa Lima De Sá, Carolina D. Munhoz, Cristoforo Scavone, David Sanz-Rosa, Victoria Cachofeiro, Vicente Lahera, and Luciana V. Rossoni: Effects of isoproterenol treatment for 7 days on inflammatory mediators in the rat aorta
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H211-H219, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00581.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Tomoyoshi Koyanagi, Lily Y. Wong, Koichi Inagaki, Olga V. Petrauskene, and Daria Mochly-Rosen: Alteration of gene expression during progression of hypertension-induced cardiac dysfunction in rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H220-H226, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00289.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supplemental Materials]

Yu-Ming Kang, Zhi-Hua Zhang, Baojian Xue, Robert M. Weiss, and Robert B. Felder: Inhibition of brain proinflammatory cytokine synthesis reduces hypothalamic excitation in rats with ischemia-induced heart failure
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H227-H236, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01157.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Limin Wang, Annapoorna R. Sapuri-Butti, Hnin Hnin Aung, Atul N. Parikh, and John C. Rutledge: Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein lipolysis increases aggregation of endothelial cell membrane microdomains and produces reactive oxygen species
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H237-H244, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01366.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Takeshi Niizeki, Yasuchika Takeishi, Tatsuro Kitahara, Takanori Arimoto, Mitsunori Ishino, Olga Bilim, Satoshi Suzuki, Toshiki Sasaki, Osamu Nakajima, Richard A. Walsh, Kaoru Goto, and Isao Kubota: Diacylglycerol kinase- ${varepsilon}$ restores cardiac dysfunction under chronic pressure overload: a new specific regulator of G ${alpha}$ _q signaling cascade
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H245-H255, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00066.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Faadiel Essop, Heidi S. Camp, Cheol Soo Choi, Saumya Sharma, Ryan M. Fryer, Glenn A. Reinhart, Patrick H. Guthrie, Assia Bentebibel, Zeiwei Gu, Gerald I. Shulman, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Salih J. Wakil, and Lutfi Abu-Elheiga: Reduced heart size and increased myocardial fuel substrate oxidation in ACC2 mutant mice
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H256-H265, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.91489.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. H. Eid, M. A. Chotani, S. Mitra, T. J. Miller, and N. A. Flavahan: Cyclic AMP acts through Rap1 and JNK signaling to increase expression of cutaneous smooth muscle ${alpha}$ _2C-adrenoceptors
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H266-H272, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00084.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

John N. Lorenz, Elizabeth L. Loreaux, Iva Dostanic-Larson, Valerie Lasko, J. Renee Schnetzer, Richard J. Paul, and Jerry B Lingrel: ACTH-induced hypertension is dependent on the ouabain-binding site of the ${alpha}$ ₂-Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase subunit
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H273-H280, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00183.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Emilie C. Viel, Karim Benkirane, Danesh Javeshghani, Rhian M. Touyz, and Ernesto L. Schiffrin: Xanthine oxidase and mitochondria contribute to vascular superoxide anion generation in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H281-H288, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00304.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Michael S. K. Wong, R. Delansorne, Ricky Y. K. Man, and Paul M. Vanhoutte: Vitamin D derivatives acutely reduce endothelium-dependent contractions in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H289-H296, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00116.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Liang Tang, Gyo-Seung Hwang, Hideki Hayashi, Juan Song, Masahiro Ogawa, Kenzaburo Kobayashi, Boyoung Joung, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Peng-Sheng Chen, and Shien-Fong Lin: Intracellular calcium dynamics at the core of endocardial stationary spiral waves in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H297-H304, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00137.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. J. Macdonald, K. P. Arkill, G. R. Tabor, N. G. McHale, and C. P. Winlove: Modeling flow in collecting lymphatic vessels: one-dimensional flow through a series of contractile elements
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H305-H313, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00004.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Santhosh K. Mani, Hirokazu Shiraishi, Sundaravadivel Balasubramanian, Kentaro Yamane, Meenakshi Chellaiah, George Cooper, Naren Banik, Michael R. Zile, and Dhandapani Kuppuswamy: In vivo administration of calpeptin attenuates calpain activation and cardiomyocyte loss in pressure-overloaded feline myocardium
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H314-H326, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00085.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Julian M. Stewart, Indu Taneja, Neeraj Raghunath, Debbie Clarke, and Marvin S. Medow: Intradermal angiotensin II administration attenuates the local cutaneous vasodilator heating response
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H327-H334, 2008. First published May 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00126.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Dongqi Xing, Wenguang Feng, Laszlo G. Nöt, Andrew P. Miller, Yun Zhang, Yiu-Fai Chen, Erum Majid-Hassan, John C. Chatham, and Suzanne Oparil: Increased protein O-GlcNAc modification inhibits inflammatory and neointimal responses to acute endoluminal arterial injury
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H335-H342, 2008. First published May 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01259.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Yumei Ye, Juan D. Martinez, Regino J. Perez-Polo, Yu Lin, Barry F. Uretsky, and Yochai Birnbaum: The role of eNOS, iNOS, and NF- ${kappa}$ B in upregulation and activation of cyclooxygenase-2 and infarct size reduction by atorvastatin
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H343-H351, 2008. First published May 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01350.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Laurent Vinet, Patricia Rouet-Benzineb, Xavier Marniquet, Noémie Pellegrin, Laurence Mangin, Liliane Louedec, Jane-Lise Samuel, and Jean-Jacques Mercadier: Chronic doxycycline exposure accelerates left ventricular hypertrophy and progression to heart failure in mice after thoracic aorta constriction
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H352-H360, 2008. First published May 16, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01101.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Miriam Weber, Martin Wehling, and Ralf Lösel: Proteins interact with the cytosolic mineralocorticoid receptor depending on the ligand
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H361-H365, 2008. First published May 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00825.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supplemental Figures]

O. Lynne Nelson, Charles T. Robbins, Yiming Wu, and Henk Granzier: Titin isoform switching is a major cardiac adaptive response in hibernating grizzly bears
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H366-H371, 2008. First published May 23, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00234.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Indu Taneja, Marvin S. Medow, June L. Glover, Neeraj K. Raghunath, and Julian M. Stewart: Increased vasoconstriction predisposes to hyperpnea and postural faint
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H372-H381, 2008. First published May 23, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00101.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Hyungchul Han, Thomas R. Hansen, Brynn Berg, Bret W. Hess, and Stephen P. Ford: Maternal undernutrition induces differential cardiac gene expression in pulmonary hypertensive steers at high elevation
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H382-H389, 2008. First published May 23, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01272.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Dawn M. Pedrotty, Rebecca Y. Klinger, Nima Badie, Sara Hinds, Ara Kardashian, and Nenad Bursac: Structural coupling of cardiomyocytes and noncardiomyocytes: quantitative comparisons using a novel micropatterned cell pair assay
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H390-H400, 2008. First published May 23, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.91531.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supplemental Figures]

Guang Gao, Jingchun Zhang, Xiaoning Si, Jerry Wong, Caroline Cheung, Bruce McManus, and Honglin Luo: Proteasome inhibition attenuates coxsackievirus-induced myocardial damage in mice
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H401-H408, 2008. First published May 30, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00292.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Matthias J. Merkel, Lijuan Liu, Zhiping Cao, William Packwood, Patricia D. Hurn, and Donna M. Van Winkle: Estradiol abolishes reduction in cell death by the opioid agonist Met⁵-enkephalin after oxygen glucose deprivation in isolated cardiomyocytes from both sexes
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H409-H415, 2008. First published May 23, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01018.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Xun Li, Kang Tang, Bin Xie, Shumin Li, and George J. Rozanski: Regulation of Kv4 channel expression in failing rat heart by the thioredoxin system
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H416-H424, 2008. First published May 30, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.91446.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Ewald Schröder, Jonathan P. Brennan, and Philip Eaton: Cardiac peroxiredoxins undergo complex modifications during cardiac oxidant stress
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H425-H433, 2008. First published May 23, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00017.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Kyan J. Allahdadi, Tom W. Cherng, Hemanth Pai, Ana Q. Silva, Benjimen R. Walker, Leif D. Nelin, and Nancy L. Kanagy: Endothelin type A receptor antagonist normalizes blood pressure in rats exposed to eucapnic intermittent hypoxia
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H434-H440, 2008. First published May 30, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.91477.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

REPORTS:

Daniel M. Purdham, Venkatesh Rajapurohitam, Asad Zeidan, Cathy Huang, Garrett J. Gross, and Morris Karmazyn: A neutralizing leptin receptor antibody mitigates hypertrophy and hemodynamic dysfunction in the postinfarcted rat heart
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H441-H446, 2008. First published May 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.91537.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Cover Caption:

Cover

Cover: Masson's trichrome of the normal external jugular vein shows that the normal extracellular matrix (blue color) is located within the media and adventitia. See Misra S, Fu AA, Puggioni A, Karimi KM, Mandrekar JN, Glockner JF, Juncos LA, Anwer B, McGuire AM, Mukhopadhyay D. Increased shear stress with upregulation of VEGF-A and its receptors and MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in venous stenosis of hemodialysis grafts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294: H2219–H2230, 2008.