AJP - Heart and Circulatory Physiology -- Table of Contents (October 1 2008, 295 [4])

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EDITORIAL FOCUS:

Ola Didrik Saugstad: Newborn resuscitation: should we oxygenate or not?
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1371-H1372, 2008. First published August 15, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00880.2008 [Full Text] [PDF]

Ingeborg Friehs: Proteasome inhibition in hypertrophied myocardium
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1373-H1374, 2008. First published August 15, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00886.2008 [Full Text] [PDF]

Scott P. Levick and Gregory L. Brower: Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases is at the heart of myocardial remodeling
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1375-H1376, 2008. First published August 29, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.907.2008 [Full Text] [PDF]

TRANSLATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY:

Fina Lovren, Yi Pan, Adrian Quan, Hwee Teoh, Guilin Wang, Praphulla C. Shukla, Kevin S. Levitt, Gavin Y. Oudit, Mohammed Al-Omran, Duncan J. Stewart, Arthur S. Slutsky, Mark D. Peterson, Peter H. Backx, Josef M. Penninger, and Subodh Verma: Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 confers endothelial protection and attenuates atherosclerosis
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1377-H1384, 2008. First published July 25, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00331.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supplemental Figures]

ARTICLES:

Nadia Hedhli, Paulo Lizano, Chull Hong, Luke F. Fritzky, Sunil K. Dhar, Huasheng Liu, Yimin Tian, Shumin Gao, Kiran Madura, Stephen F. Vatner, and Christophe Depre: Proteasome inhibition decreases cardiac remodeling after initiation of pressure overload
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1385-H1393, 2008. First published August 1, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00532.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Juozas A. Zavadzkas, Rebecca A. Plyler, Shenikqua Bouges, Christine N. Koval, William T. Rivers, Christy U. Beck, Eileen I. Chang, Robert E. Stroud, Rupak Mukherjee, and Francis G. Spinale: Cardiac-restricted overexpression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer causes myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in aging mice
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1394-H1402, 2008. First published August 8, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00346.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Nicholas P. Tobin, Gary T. Henehan, Ronan P. Murphy, John C. Atherton, Anthony F. Guinan, Steven W. Kerrigan, Dermot Cox, Paul A. Cahill, and Philip M. Cummins: Helicobacter pylori-induced inhibition of vascular endothelial cell functions: a role for VacA-dependent nitric oxide reduction
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1403-H1413, 2008. First published July 25, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00240.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. S. Dujardin, B. Dumotier, M. David, M. Guizy, C. Valenzuela, and L. M. Hondeghem: Ultrafast sodium channel block by dietary fish oil prevents dofetilide-induced ventricular arrhythmias in rabbit hearts
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1414-H1421, 2008. First published August 1, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01219.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Hideki Hayashi, Shien-Fong Lin, Boyoung Joung, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, James N. Weiss, and Peng-Sheng Chen: Virtual electrodes and the induction of fibrillation in Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles: the role of intracellular calcium
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1422-H1428, 2008. First published August 1, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00001.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Anna K. Leal, Maurice A. Williams, Mary G. Garry, Jere H. Mitchell, and Scott A. Smith: Evidence for functional alterations in the skeletal muscle mechanoreflex and metaboreflex in hypertensive rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1429-H1438, 2008. First published July 18, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01365.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Parag Pawar, Sameer Jadhav, Charles D. Eggleton, and Konstantinos Konstantopoulos: Roles of cell and microvillus deformation and receptor-ligand binding kinetics in cell rolling
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1439-H1450, 2008. First published July 25, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.91536.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Steven R. Lammers, Phil H. Kao, H. Jerry Qi, Kendall Hunter, Craig Lanning, Joseph Albietz, Stephen Hofmeister, Robert Mecham, Kurt R. Stenmark, and Robin Shandas: Changes in the structure-function relationship of elastin and its impact on the proximal pulmonary arterial mechanics of hypertensive calves
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1451-H1459, 2008. First published July 25, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00127.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Yoram Etzion, Michal Mor, Aryeh Shalev, Shani Dror, Ohad Etzion, Amir Dagan, Ofer Beharier, Arie Moran, and Amos Katz: New insights into the atrial electrophysiology of rodents using a novel modality: the miniature-bipolar hook electrode
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1460-H1469, 2008. First published July 25, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00414.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Farzad Moien-Afshari, Sanjoy Ghosh, Shahrzad Elmi, Majid Khazaei, Mohammad M. Rahman, Nada Sallam, and Ismail Laher: Exercise restores coronary vascular function independent of myogenic tone or hyperglycemic status in db/db mice
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1470-H1480, 2008. First published July 18, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00016.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Talin Ebrahimian, M. Ram Sairam, Ernesto L. Schiffrin, and Rhian M. Touyz: Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with altered thioredoxin and ASK-1 signaling in a mouse model of menopause
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1481-H1488, 2008. First published August 1, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00163.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Philippe Comtois, Masao Sakabe, Edward J. Vigmond, Mauricio Munoz, Anne Texier, Akiko Shiroshita-Takeshita, and Stanley Nattel: Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation termination by rapidly unbinding Na⁺ channel blockers: insights from mathematical models and experimental correlates
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1489-H1504, 2008. First published August 1, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01054.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Pierre Tourneux, Marc Chester, Theresa Grover, and Steven H. Abman: Fasudil inhibits the myogenic response in the fetal pulmonary circulation
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1505-H1513, 2008. First published August 1, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00490.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Mykhaylo Korda, Ruslan Kubant, Stephen Patton, and Tadeusz Malinski: Leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction in obesity
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1514-H1521, 2008. First published August 8, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00479.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Adam G. Goodwill, Milinda E. James, and Jefferson C. Frisbee: Increased vascular thromboxane generation impairs dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles of obese Zucker rats with reduced oxygen tension
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1522-H1528, 2008. First published August 8, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00596.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Minlin Xu, Carmelle V. Remillard, Benjamin D. Sachs, Ayako Makino, Oleksandr Platoshyn, Weijuan Yao, Wolfgang H. Dillmann, Katerina Akassoglou, and Jason X.-J. Yuan: p75 neurotrophin receptor regulates agonist-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1529-H1538, 2008. First published August 8, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00115.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Nicole Brüchert, Nirmala Mavila, Peter Boknik, Hideo A. Baba, Larissa Fabritz, Ulrich Gergs, Uwe Kirchhefer, Paulus Kirchhof, Marek Matus, Wilhelm Schmitz, Anna A. DePaoli-Roach, and Joachim Neumann: Inhibitor-2 prevents protein phosphatase 1-induced cardiac hypertrophy and mortality
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1539-H1546, 2008. First published August 8, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00515.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Utako Yokoyama, Susumu Minamisawa, Hong Quan, Toru Akaike, Meihua Jin, Koji Otsu, Coskun Ulucan, Xu Wang, Erdenechimeg Baljinnyam, Minoru Takaoka, Masataka Sata, and Yoshihiro Ishikawa: Epac1 is upregulated during neointima formation and promotes vascular smooth muscle cell migration
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1547-H1555, 2008. First published August 8, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01317.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Ji Zhang, Kelley A. Burridge, and Morton H. Friedman: In vivo differences between endothelial transcriptional profiles of coronary and iliac arteries revealed by microarray analysis
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1556-H1561, 2008. First published August 8, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00540.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supplemental Tables]

Julia C. Arciero, Brian E. Carlson, and Timothy W. Secomb: Theoretical model of metabolic blood flow regulation: roles of ATP release by red blood cells and conducted responses
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1562-H1571, 2008. First published August 8, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00261.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Brian E. Carlson, Julia C. Arciero, and Timothy W. Secomb: Theoretical model of blood flow autoregulation: roles of myogenic, shear-dependent, and metabolic responses
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1572-H1579, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00262.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Omar Bouhidel, Sandrine Pons, Richard Souktani, Roland Zini, Alain Berdeaux, and Bijan Ghaleh: Myocardial ischemic postconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion is impaired in ob/ob mice
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1580-H1586, 2008. First published August 8, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00379.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Ineke Krabbendam, Loes C. A. Jacobs, Fred K. Lotgering, and Marc E. A. Spaanderman: Venous response to orthostatic stress
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1587-H1593, 2008. First published August 15, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00571.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Dick H. J. Thijssen, Marieke M. van Bemmel, Lauren M. Bullens, Ellen A. Dawson, Nicola D. Hopkins, Toni M. Tinken, Mark A. Black, Maria T. E. Hopman, N. Timothy Cable, and Daniel J. Green: The impact of baseline diameter on flow-mediated dilation differs in young and older humans
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1594-H1598, 2008. First published August 15, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00669.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Rumi Maruyama, Kazuko Goto, Genzou Takemura, Koh Ono, Kazuya Nagao, Takahiro Horie, Akiko Tsujimoto, Hiromitsu Kanamori, Shusaku Miyata, Hiroaki Ushikoshi, Kenshi Nagashima, Shinya Minatoguchi, Takako Fujiwara, and Hisayoshi Fujiwara: Morphological and biochemical characterization of basal and starvation-induced autophagy in isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1599-H1607, 2008. First published August 15, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.91449.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Frank J. H. Gijsen, Jolanda J. Wentzel, Attila Thury, Frits Mastik, Johannes A. Schaar, Johan C. H. Schuurbiers, Cornelis J. Slager, Wim J. van der Giessen, Pim J. de Feyter, Anton F. W. van der Steen, and Patrick W. Serruys: Strain distribution over plaques in human coronary arteries relates to shear stress
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1608-H1614, 2008. First published July 11, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01081.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supplemental Materials]

Jianliang Song, Xue-Qian Zhang, JuFang Wang, Ellina Cheskis, Tung O. Chan, Arthur M. Feldman, Amy L. Tucker, and Joseph Y. Cheung: Regulation of cardiac myocyte contractility by phospholemman: Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange versus Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1615-H1625, 2008. First published August 15, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00287.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. M. Maleckar, M. C. Woods, V. Y. Sidorov, M. R. Holcomb, D. N. Mashburn, J. P. Wikswo, and N. A. Trayanova: Polarity reversal lowers activation time during diastolic field stimulation of the rabbit ventricles: insights into mechanisms
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1626-H1633, 2008. First published August 15, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00706.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Wen Su, Zhenheng Guo, David C. Randall, Lisa Cassis, David R. Brown, and Ming C. Gong: Hypertension and disrupted blood pressure circadian rhythm in Type 2 diabetic db/db mice
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1634-H1641, 2008. First published August 15, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00257.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Fabiola A. Sánchez, David D. Kim, Ricardo G. Durán, Cynthia J. Meininger, and Walter N. Durán: Internalization of eNOS via caveolae regulates PAF-induced inflammatory hyperpermeability to macromolecules
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1642-H1648, 2008. First published August 15, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00629.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Michael D. Goodman, Sheryl E. Koch, Geraldine A. Fuller-Bicer, and Karyn L. Butler: Regulating RISK: a role for JAK-STAT signaling in postconditioning?
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1649-H1656, 2008. First published August 15, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00692.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Kristy L. Houck, Todd E. Fox, Lakshman Sandirasegarane, and Mark Kester: Ether-linked diglycerides inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell growth via decreased MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1657-H1668, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00141.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Said, R. Becerra, J. Palomeque, G. Rinaldi, M. A. Kaetzel, P. L. Diaz-Sylvester, J. A. Copello, J. R. Dedman, C. Mundiña-Weilenmann, L. Vittone, and A. Mattiazzi: Increased intracellular Ca²⁺ and SR Ca²⁺ load contribute to arrhythmias after acidosis in rat heart. Role of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1669-H1683, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00010.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Yusuke Higashi, Sergiy Sukhanov, Sampath Parthasarathy, and Patrice Delafontaine: The ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 mediates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced downregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1684-H1689, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00548.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Naohiro Yano, Andy Tseng, Ting C. Zhao, Jeffrey Robbins, James F. Padbury, and Yi-Tang Tseng: Temporally controlled overexpression of cardiac-specific PI3K ${alpha}$ induces enhanced myocardial contractility—a new transgenic model
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1690-H1694, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00531.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Heather Irina Cohn, David M. Harris, Stephanie Pesant, Michael Pfeiffer, Rui-Hai Zhou, Walter J. Koch, Gerald W. Dorn, 2nd, and Andrea D. Eckhart: Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 enhances ${alpha}$ _1D-adrenergic receptor constriction
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1695-H1704, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00564.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Bas M. van Dalen, Osama I. I. Soliman, Wim B. Vletter, Folkert J. ten Cate, and Marcel L. Geleijnse: Age-related changes in the biomechanics of left ventricular twist measured by speckle tracking echocardiography
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1705-H1711, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00513.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Osamu Handa, Jancy Stephen, and Gediminas Cepinskas: Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide in activation and dysfunction of cerebrovascular endothelial cells during early onsets of sepsis
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1712-H1719, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00476.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Shawn G. Hayes, Jennifer L. McCord, Jon Rainier, Zhuqing Liu, and Marc P. Kaufman: Role played by acid-sensitive ion channels in evoking the exercise pressor reflex
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1720-H1725, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00623.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Paul R. Crisostomo, Aaron M. Abarbanell, Meijing Wang, Tim Lahm, Yue Wang, and Daniel R. Meldrum: Embryonic stem cells attenuate myocardial dysfunction and inflammation after surgical global ischemia via paracrine actions
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1726-H1735, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00236.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Huda E. Tawfik, Jonathan Cena, Richard Schulz, and Susan Kaufman: Role of oxidative stress in multiparity-induced endothelial dysfunction
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1736-H1742, 2008. First published August 29, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.87.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Su-Jie Jia, Si Jin, Fan Zhang, Fan Yi, William L. Dewey, and Pin-Lan Li: Formation and function of ceramide-enriched membrane platforms with CD38 during M₁-receptor stimulation in bovine coronary arterial myocytes
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1743-H1752, 2008. First published August 22, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00617.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Prasanth Puthanveetil, Fang Wang, Girish Kewalramani, Min Suk Kim, Elham Hosseini-Beheshti, Natalie Ng, William Lau, Thomas Pulinilkunnil, Michael Allard, Ashraf Abrahani, and Brian Rodrigues: Cardiac glycogen accumulation after dexamethasone is regulated by AMPK
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1753-H1762, 2008. First published August 29, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.518.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Zongmin Zhou, Anastasia Pyriochou, Anastasia Kotanidou, Georgios Dalkas, Martin van Eickels, Georgios Spyroulias, Charis Roussos, and Andreas Papapetropoulos: Soluble guanylyl cyclase activation by HMR-1766 (ataciguat) in cells exposed to oxidative stress
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1763-H1771, 2008. First published August 29, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.51.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Daniel A. Mandel and Ann M. Schreihofer: Glutamatergic inputs to the CVLM independent of the NTS promote tonic inhibition of sympathetic vasomotor tone in rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1772-H1779, 2008. First published August 29, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.216.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Takeshi Nakamura, Kazumi Kawabe, and Hreday N. Sapru: Cold pressor test in the rat: medullary and spinal pathways and neurotransmitters
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1780-H1787, 2008. First published August 29, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.646.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. K. Kaul, A. Koshkaryev, G. Artmann, G. Barshtein, and S. Yedgar: Additive effect of red blood cell rigidity and adherence to endothelial cells in inducing vascular resistance
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1788-H1793, 2008. First published August 29, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.253.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Brian E. Hunt, Renaud Tamisier, Geoffrey S. Gilmartin, Mathew Curley, Amit Anand, and J. Woodrow Weiss: Baroreflex responsiveness during ventilatory acclimatization in humans
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1794-H1801, 2008. First published August 29, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.131.2008 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Bruna Oneda, Claudia L. M. Forjaz, Fernanda R. Bernardo, Tatiana G. Araújo, Josiane L. Gusmão, Eliana Labes, Sandra B. Abrahão, Decio Mion, Jr., Angela M. Fonseca, and Tais Tinucci: Low-dose estrogen therapy does not change postexercise hypotension, sympathetic nerve activity reduction, and vasodilation in healthy postmenopausal women
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1802-H1808, 2008. First published September 5, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01222.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

CORRIGENDA:

: Corrigendum
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1815-H1815, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.zh4-8522-corr.2008 [Full Text] [PDF]

REPORTS:

Roderic H. Fabian, J. Regino Perez-Polo, and Thomas A. Kent: Perivascular nitric oxide and superoxide in neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1809-H1814, 2008. First published August 1, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00301.2007 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Cover Caption:

Cover

Cover: Masson's trichrome of the normal external jugular vein shows that the normal extracellular matrix (blue color) is located within the media and adventitia. See Misra S, Fu AA, Puggioni A, Karimi KM, Mandrekar JN, Glockner JF, Juncos LA, Anwer B, McGuire AM, Mukhopadhyay D. Increased shear stress with upregulation of VEGF-A and its receptors and MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in venous stenosis of hemodialysis grafts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294: H2219–H2230, 2008.